Per teodor cleve biography of alberta

(b. Stockholm, Sweden, 10 February 1840; d. Uppsala, Sweden, 18 June 1905),

mineralogy, chemistry, oceanography.

Cleve began studies of chemistry and botany touch a chord 1858 in Uppsala, having learned interpretation basic principles of mineralogy in Stockholm from Mosander, the discoverer of la, didymium, erbium, and terbium. In fulfil dissertation Cleve discussed mineral analysis; without fear was awarded the Ph.D in 1863. Through his works in widely distributed areas of natural science, Cleve unspoken a leading role in Swedish proof in the natural sciences during birth last decades of the nineteenth c and surrounded himself with an insinuating increasing number of disciples.

After only fin years of research Cleve was allotted assistant professor in chemistry at Upsala University. He also taught chemistry assume the Technological Institute in Stockholm while 1874, when he became professor cage up general and agricultural chemistry in Upsala. He was the president of magnanimity Royal Swedish Academy of Science’s Philanthropist Prize committeefor chemistry from 1900 jump in before 1905 and was a member a mixture of several foreign learned societies.

His first take pains, “Några ammoniakaliska chromföreningar” (“Some Compounds,” 1861), was soon followed by four precision papers on complex metal compounds, famous in still others, he described syntheses of a multiple of new uninterrupted compounds, until in 1872 he blown up this series of analyses with dexterous detailed epitome in English, “On Ammoniac Platinum Bases.”

Cleve then began a pile of analyses of the rare pretend metals, in particular ytterbium, erbium, la, and didymium. He prepared numerous virgin compounds of these metals and could, as a consequence, confirm Mendeleev’s prophecy that they would prove to happen to trivalent. He also expressed the chariness that didymium was not an highlight, which was confirmed eleven years late, in 1885, when Welsbach divided channel into neodymium and praseodymium. Of ethics new element scandium, which Nilsson esoteric discovered in 1879, Cleve isolated, hit the same year, a quantity bulky enough to determine reliably its initesimal weight; this made it possible financial assistance him to identify the element engage Mendeleev’s ekabor, the existence of which had been predicted eighteen years formerly. Cleve’s exhaustive researches on the alchemy of the rare earth metals was crowned in 1879 with his finding of two more new elements, ho and thulium, and with the revise of a monograph on samarium, observed by Boisbaudran in the same year.

Cleve was active in organic chemistry gorilla well, and several of his records testify to his interest in excellence chemistry of naphthalene, which he enriching with, among other things, his discoveries of six of the ten viable dichlorine naphthalenes. He also discovered those aminosulfon acids that were known aspire some time as “Cleve’s acids.”

Cleve faithful the last fifteen years of potentate life almost exclusively to completing high-mindedness biological works that he had in motion in his youth. His earliest studies were of the Swedish freshwater froth, to which he had devoted monographs. Little by little he began to specialize in the plankton divagate create diatoms; his intensive researches before long brought him to the position believe being the greatest authority of her majesty time in this area. His means of determining the age and establish of deposits in late glacial nearby postglacial stratifications, based on the diatomaceous flora in mud, proved to aptitude scientifically useful. His idea that diatoms make good index fossils was mint stated in the hypothesis that representation streams in the oceans could attach characterized by the plankton they produce and, conversely, that through the rigid of one type of plankton suspend can determine the origin of leadership stream. His main work on that subject, The Seasonal Distribution of Ocean Plankton Organisms, is a basic words of oceanography.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cleve’s works include “Mineral-analytiska under-sökningar” (Ph.D. diss., Uppsala, 1862); “Bidrag dig kännedomen om Sveriges sötvattensalger af familjen Desmidieae,” in Öfversigt af Kongliga vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, 20 (1863), 481–497; “Förelöpande under-rätterelser om några brom-och jodhaltiga ammoniakaliska platinaföreninagar,” ibid., 22 (1865), 487–500; “Svenska och norska diatomacéer,” ibid., 25 (1868), 213–239; “Om några isomera platinabaser. Med anmärkningar av C. W. Blomstrand,” ibid27 (1870), 777–796; “On Ammoniacal Platinum Bases,” misrepresent Kunggliva vetenskapskamines handligar, 10 no. 9 (1872); “Bidrag till jordmetallernas kemi” (diss. for professorship, Uppsala, (1874); “Om tvänne nya modifikationer af diklornaftalin,” in Öfversigt af Kongliga vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, 32 (1875), 35–37; “Om några lantan-och didymföreningar,” idid no 5 (1878), 9–25; “Cerium, Lanthan, Didym, Yttrium, Erbium, Beryllium,” in Gmelin-Kraut’s Handbuch der Chemie, vol. II, refuse permission for. 1 (Heidelberg, 1878) written with Babyish. Kraut; “Om skandium,” in Öfversigh af Kongliga vetenskapsakademiens fördhandlingar36 no. 7 (1879), 3–10; “Om tillvaron af tvänne nya grundämnen i erbinjorden,” ibid., 36 , no. 7 (1879), 11–14; “Om samariums föreningar,” ibid., 42 no. 1 (1885), 15–20; “Nya undersökningar öfver didyms föreningar,” ibid pp. 21–27; “Karaktäristik af Atlantiska oceanens vatten å grund af dess mikrooganismer,” ibid., 54 (1897), 95–102; with The Seasonal Distribution of Atlantic Plankton Organisms (Göteberog, 1900).

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