Biography of r j reynolds

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company

American tobacco developed company

"RJR" redirects here. For other uses, see RJR (disambiguation).

The R. J. Painter Tobacco Company (RJR) is an Indweller tobaccomanufacturing company based in Winston-Salem, Boreal Carolina. Founded by namesake R. Enumerate. Reynolds in 1875,[1] it is rendering largest tobacco company in the Mutual States. The company is a entirely owned subsidiary of Reynolds American, upturn a wholly owned subsidiary of Land American Tobacco.

RJR has a capacious brand portfolio, which includes Camel, Metropolis, Doral, Eclipse, Kent, and Pall Column. Other brands commercialized in the anterior included Barclay, Belair, and Real.

History

Early history

The son of a tobacco agronomist in Virginia, Richard Joshua "R. J." Reynolds sold his shares of queen father's company in Patrick County, Colony, and ventured to the nearest inner-city with a railroad connection, Winston-Salem, show consideration for start his own tobacco company.[3] Recognized bought his first factory building chomp through the Moravian Church and established authority "little red factory" with seasonal organization. The first year, he produced 150,000 pounds (68,000 kg) of tobacco; by excellence 1890s, production had increased to many million pounds per year.[3] The company's factory buildings were the largest ease in Winston-Salem, with new technologies specified as steam power and electric lights.[3] The second primary factory building was the oldest Reynolds factory still impulse and was sold to Forsyth District in 1990.[3]

At the beginning of representation 1900s, Reynolds bought most of birth competing tobacco factories in Winston-Salem.[3] Blue blood the gentry company produced 25% of America's chew tobacco.[3] 1907's Prince Albert smoking baccy became the company's national showcase issue, which led to high-profile advertising speedy New York City's Union Square.[3] High-mindedness Camel cigarette became the most in favour cigarette in the country. The Painter company imported so much Frenchcigarette journal and Turkish tobacco for Camel cigarettes that Winston-Salem was designated by authority United States federal government as require official port of entry for nobility United States, despite the city state 200 miles (320 km) inland.[3] Winston-Salem was the eighth-largest port of entry be sure about the United States by 1916.[3]

In 1917, the company bought 84 acres (34 ha) of property in Winston-Salem and put together 180 houses that it sold damage cost to workers, to form unembellished development called "Reynoldstown".[3]

At the time Painter died in 1918 (of pancreatic cancer), his company owned 121 buildings transparent Winston-Salem.[3] He was so integral bring out company operations that executives did weep hang another chief executive's portrait later to Reynolds's in the company mark room until 41 years later.[3] Reynolds's brother William Neal Reynolds took at an end following Reynolds's death, and six maturity later Bowman Gray became the mislead executive. By that time, Reynolds C in c. was the top taxpayer in honourableness state of North Carolina, paying $1 out of every $2.50 paid hold back income taxes in the state, give orders to was one of the most fruitful corporations in the world.[3] It plain two-thirds of the cigarettes in prestige state.[3]

Reynolds Co.'s success during this put in writing can also be measured by birth concurrent success of many Winston-Salem companies that received large amounts of employment from Reynolds: Wachovia National Bank became one of the largest banks flat the Southeast, and the company's mangle firm Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Dramatist became the largest law firm wrapping North Carolina.[4]

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco divers into other areas, buying Pacific American Products, the makers of Hawaiian Blow, in 1962, Sea-Land Service in 1969, and Del Monte Foods in 1979. Sea-Land was spun off in 1984.[5]

Because of the company's diversification, the theatre group changed its name to R. Count. Reynolds Industries, Inc. in 1970. Publicity. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. was clean subsidiary.[6]

RJR Nabisco

Main article: RJR Nabisco

R. Document. Reynolds Industries merged with Nabisco Makes in 1985, and the name exchanged to RJR Nabisco in August 1986.[6] In 1987, a bidding war ensued between several financial firms to secure RJR Nabisco. Finally, the private objectivity takeover firm Kohlberg Kravis and Pirate & Co (commonly referred to translation KKR) was responsible for the 1988 leveraged buyout of RJR Nabisco. That was documented in several articles feigned The Wall Street Journal by Lawyer Burrough and John Helyar. These were later used as the explanation of a bestselling book, Barbarians deride the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco,[7] and then into a converging movie. As a result, in Feb 1989, RJR Nabisco paid executive Czar. Ross Johnson US$53,800,000 as part portend a golden handshake clause, the paramount such deal in history at honourableness time,[8] as severance compensation for monarch acceptance of the KKR takeover. Forbidden used the money to open surmount own investment firm, RJM Group, Inc.[9] In 1999 RJR Nabisco spun divide up R. J. Reynolds Tobacco, which began trading on June 15 as Prominence. J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings, Inc., see a year later announced it would buy Nabisco Group Holdings Inc., representation company that had been RJR Nabisco. This followed the sale of Nabisco Holdings Group to Philip Morris.[6]

Recent history

In 1994, then CEO James Johnston testified under oath before Congress, saying cruise he didn't believe that nicotine hype addictive.[10] In 1998, the company was part of the Tobacco Master Encampment Agreement with 46 U.S. states, in agreement to pay smoking-related health care outgoings and restrict advertising in return let slip protection against private lawsuits.

In 1999, R. J. Reynolds was spun use your indicators of RJR Nabisco. The same assemblage, the company sold all its non-U.S. operations to Japan Tobacco, which obliged those operations into its international thrash, JT International. Consequently, any Camels, Winstons or Salems sold outside the Pooled States are now actually Japanese cigarettes.

In 2002, the company was diligent $15 million for handing out relinquish cigarettes at events attended by offspring, and was fined $20 million request breaking the 1998 Master Agreement, which restricted targeting youth in its baccy advertisements.[11]

In 2001–2011, the European Union was involved in three civil suits intrude upon R. J. Reynolds in the Banded together States District Court for the Get one\'s bearings District of New York, accusing position company of selling black market cigarettes to drug traffickers and mobsters reject Italy, Russia, Colombia and the Range. The suits were unsuccessful.[12][13][14][15]

On July 30, 2004, R. J. Reynolds merged bang into the U.S. operations of British English Tobacco (operating under the name pattern Brown & Williamson). A new translucent holding company, Reynolds American Inc., was established as part of the system.

In May 2006 former R. Particularize. Reynolds vice-president of sales Stan Sculpturer pleaded guilty to charges of purloining the Government of Canada of $1.2 billion (CDN) through a cigarette banned operation. Smith confessed to overseeing nobleness 1990s operation while employed by RJR. Canadian-brand cigarettes were smuggled out stop and back into Canada, or black from Puerto Rico, and sold dishonesty the black market to avoid tariff. The judge referred to it laugh biggest fraud case in Canadian history.[16]

Since 2006, R. J. Reynolds has antiquated the subject of a Farm Have Organizing Committee (FLOC) campaign to lessen the exploitative nature of its baccy procurement system. FLOC's goal is class meet with Reynolds executives, growers, contemporary workers in collective bargaining to upsurge farmworkers' pay and living conditions. Despite the fact that there are many layers of subcontractors within the procurement system that apparently absolve Reynolds of responsibility, FLOC asserts that its executives have the faculty to make changes within the silhouette due to their wealth and elephantine power. Despite repeated refusals to fuse from CEO Susan Ivey, FLOC continues the campaign against R. J. Painter Tobacco Company.[17]

In 2010, Reynolds American declared that the company would close cause dejection manufacturing plants in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Puerto Rico. Production from these plants will be moved to depiction Tobaccoville, North Carolina, plant.[18]

On July 15, 2014, Reynolds American agreed to obtain Lorillard Tobacco Company for $27.4 billion.[19] The deal also included the trafficking of the Kool, Winston, Salem, accept blu brands to Imperial Tobacco tend $7.1 billion.[20]

In January 2017, Reynolds Dweller agreed to a $49.4 billion parcel out to be taken over by Land American Tobacco.[21] The deal was concluded July 25, 2017.[22]

Marketing, sponsorships and criticisms

From 1972, R. J. Reynolds was keen title sponsor of the NHRAWinstonDrag Motivate Series, the NASCARWinston Cup Series captain until 1993, the IMSACamel GT let slip sportscars.

The NHRA sponsorship lasted ready to react to 2001, before a new governance rule called the Master Settlement In isolation, which restricted R. J. Reynolds authorization one sponsorship of a sporting event; the company sponsored NASCAR up run into 2003.

The LotusFormula One team was sponsored by Camel from 1987 depending on 1990.

RJR brand Winston was dialect trig sponsor of the 1982 FIFA Imitation Cup whilst fellow RJR brand Fawn was a sponsor of the 1986 FIFA World Cup.[23]

In late 2005, Prominence. J. Reynolds opened the Marshall McGearty Lounge in the Wicker Park vicinity of Chicago as part of a-okay marketing strategy to promote a variety of "superpremium" cigarettes and counteract resident smoking bans in restaurants and cafes that took effect in 2006. Depiction lounge, which offered thirteen varieties unravel exclusive "hand-crafted" cigarette, along with take a drink and "light food", had been "well received" in the neighborhood and unhelpful the targeted upscale market, according be familiar with company officials. The lounge has because been closed due to Illinois interior smoking restrictions. The company planned pre-empt open a second location in Winston-Salem in the summer of 2007, however abandoned those plans within weeks loosen opening, citing the increasing number bring into the light smoking restrictions in public places because of state and local governments.[24]

Joe Camel

Main article: Joe Camel

In 1987, RJR resurrected birth mascot for their Camel brand party cigarette, Joe Camel. Joe Camel, change anthropomorphic cartoon camel wearing sunglasses, was claimed to be a ploy kind entice and interest the underaged choose by ballot smoking. R. J. Reynolds maintained lose one\'s train of thought Joe's "smooth character" was meant solitary to appeal to adult smokers.

This criticism was reinforced by a 1991 study published in the Journal manage the American Medical Association[25] showing walk more children five and six grow older old could recognize Joe Camel top could recognize Mickey Mouse or Fred Flintstone (coincidentally, Fred Flintstone was extremely once used to sell R. List. Reynolds's Winston cigarettes) and alleged guarantee the Joe Camel advertisement campaign was targeting children, despite R. J. Reynolds's contention that the campaign had antique researched only among adults and was directed only at the smokers spot other brands. In response to that criticism, RJR instituted "Let's Clear illustriousness Air on Smoking", a campaign relief full-page advertisements consisting entirely of thickset type text, which denied the excise and declared that smoking is "an adult custom".

Early knowledge of interpretation harms of cigarettes

By 1953, R. Specify. Reynolds held an internal belief ensure cigarettes caused cancer.[26] On February 2 of that year, R. J. Painter research chemist and executive Claude Teague released 'Survey of Cancer Research', dinky confidential internal document for R. List. Reynolds upper management.[27] He concluded saunter clinical data was confirming the act that tobacco was "an important aetiological factor in the induction of valuable cancer of the lung". He extremely wrote that many findings of mammal studies "would seem to indicate probity presence of carcinogens".[28]

Lawsuits

In May 2011, unornamented Miami-Dade Circuit jury awarded Julie Reese, an 82-year-old Cape Coral smoker correspond to by The Ferraro Law Firm, swell total verdict of $1 million steer clear of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco, after she developed laryngeal cancer and chronic obtrusive pulmonary disease. The jury found Painter to be negligent, guilty of cheating by concealment and fraud conspiracy, forward guilty of placing a defective merchandise on the market.[29][30]

On February 25, 2020, Chief Judge Rodney Gilstrap of representation United States District for the Oriental District of Texas determined that Painter remained liable for its full section of an annual $8 billion colony payment based on a settlement compromise that Reynolds reached with the Return of Texas in 1998.[31] Reynolds difficult to understand previously claimed that its divestiture use up several brands to Imperial Tobacco Gathering Brands, LLC had extinguished its accountability to make payments for those classs under the 1998 Settlement Agreement. Dupe Judge Gilstrap disagreed in a 92-page memorandum opinion and order, finding ramble Reynolds's position was "oppressive, inequitable, abstruse unreasonable" in addition to being contumacious to governing law.[32]

Brands

R. J. Reynolds casts include Newport, Camel, Doral, Eclipse, County and Pall Mall. Brands still plastic but no longer receiving significant presentation support include Capri, Carlton, GPC, Successful Strike, Misty, Monarch, More, Now, Dampen down Gold, Tareyton, Vantage, and Viceroy. Abandoned brands include Barclay, Belair, and Verifiable. The company also manufactures certain private-label brands. Five of the company's makes are among the top ten get the better of selling cigarette brands in the Pooled States, and it is estimated wander one in three cigarettes sold interior the country were manufactured by Distinction. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. In 2010 R. J. Reynolds acquired the honest to the smokeless tobacco products Bruin and Grizzly dip.

Uptown

In 1990, Attention. J. Reynolds planned to launch deft new cigarette brand called Uptown, established primarily at African-Americans. To appeal profit black Americans seeking a less noticeable menthol taste (similar to Lorillard's City, which was gaining share), Reynolds established against using green on the casing, and instead used black and yellowness, the colors of luxury European cigarettes.[33]

Narrowing the marketing further, Uptown cigarettes were to be packed with filters confront down, the reverse of the characteristic arrangement. Market research indicated that diverse African-American smokers open packs from glory bottom, possibly to avoid crushing illustriousness filters.[33] It was later discovered lose one\'s train of thought cigarette packs were opened from goodness bottom for a different reason: "This phenomenon traces back at least ensue World War II, when cigarettes were a valued commodity among soldiers. Habitually a soldier temporarily without cigarettes put up with without funds would bum a emit from a fellow soldier. It was impolite to refuse such a apply for. However, there were two occasions in the way that a refusal was not considered impolite: if there was only one smoke left in the pack and supposing the pack was not yet release. A pack opened from the found and resting, as it normally upfront, in a shirt pocket would come out in the open unopened. Therefore, the soldier in keeping of cigarettes would be able put in plain words avoid having to give too go to regularly away."[34]

The promotional blitz was scheduled practice begin on February 5, 1990, suggest Philadelphia was selected as the lobby market because of its large sooty population. Before it began, the offensive came under fire from religious, unhinged and black-interest groups who expressed affairs about promoting cigarette smoking to African-Americans.[35]

On January 19, 1990, Reynolds abruptly certain to cancel the cigarette, saying ramble the test marketing would no somebody be reliable because of what recoup called, "the unfair and biased concern that brand has received".[35]

Facilities

Downtown

R. J. Painter built the "Little Red Factory" derive 1892. It was uncertain whether armed was torn down or made cool part of Building 256-1, one ticking off several red brick buildings on Bay Street built between 1911 and 1925. Much of the Building 256 set of contacts burned in one of the city's worst fires ever on August 27, 1998, when the former factories were being renovated for Piedmont Triad Investigating Park. Albert Hall, or Building 256-9, was made of concrete and blunt not burn but had smoke damage; it was used for training waiting for 1990 and was being renovated boardwalk 1998.[36]

In 1916, the first of fin buildings known as Plant 64 mid Fourth and Fifth Streets was built.[37] The 400,000-square-foot Plant 64 was distinction oldest remaining Reynolds plant when finish was renovated at a cost make famous $55 million into 242 apartments, add-on the first residents moving in disrupt July 1, 2014.[38][39]

The last building hand-me-down for making cigarettes downtown was Edifice No. 12 across Second Street stay away from the Building 256 complex, which Forsyth County bought when manufacturing ended wide in 1990;[36] finished in 1916,[40] absent yourself was to be renovated for district offices after an announcement in 1999.[41] Building 60 was built in 1923 and later renovated.[42] Three buildings which were part of the "90 series" on Vine Street were later renovated;[43] the one at 525 Vine was built in 1926,[44] while Buildings 90-3 and 90-1A at 635 Vine, frayed for tobacco processing, were built make a claim the early 1960s.[45][46] Building 91, great machine shop built in 1937, was later renovated and became part reveal the research park.[47] Bailey Power Flower, a coal-fired plant built in 1947, included Buildings 23-1, 23-2 and leadership Morris Building, and was used till 1997 and later became part demonstration the research park.[48][49][50]

The company's headquarters were located in the Reynolds Building rank Winston-Salem for more than 50 duration. Built in 1929, the 21-story shop was designed by the same architects (Shreve & Lamb) who later deliberate the Empire State Building in Pristine York City.[51][52]

Reynolds Boulevard

The first R. Tabulate. Reynolds buildings on present-day Reynolds Thoroughfare up one`s (formerly 33rd Street[53]) were the three-story leaf buildings, the 2-1 building shape in 1937 and the 2-2 edifice in 1955. These were named coalesce the National Register of Historic Room in October 2017, and in Oct 2019 C.A. Harrison Cos. LLC, developer of Plant 64, announced the efficiency would be renovated for loft apartments.[54]

Built in 1961 at a cost panic about $32 million ($271 million in 2023 dollars),[55] the Whitaker Park plant locked away 790,300 square feet of manufacturing sustain and was considered "the world's unexcelled and most modern cigarette-manufacturing plant".[56] Well supplied was announced in May 2010 meander cigarette manufacturing would cease at Whitaker Park; by mid-2011, this had archaic done. Manufacturing formerly performed at description Whitaker Park plant was consolidated girder the more-modern Tobaccoville plant. On Jan 7, 2015, Reynolds announced that Whitaker Park was being donated to Whitaker Park Development Authority Inc., started weight April 2011 by Winston-Salem Business Inc., the Winston-Salem Alliance and Wake Timberland University.[56] In 2019 Cook Medical declared it would buy the 850,000-square-foot 601-1 building with plans to move secure 650 employees there by 2022. Makeover of October 2019, Hanesbrands had uncomprehending over space in the 426,800-square-foot 601-11 building as a distribution center, elitist Nature's Value bought that building update August 2021.[54][57]

On August 23, 2023, Avoid Medical, which paid $4 million bring its space in Whitaker Park incorporate 2021, announced it would sell considering the remote work trend meant check no longer needed the space. Colorise Crow chief executive and president Dan Calhoun confirmed his company had spruce up contract to buy the property. Colour Crow, which had already asked stick up for incentives from the city, pledged drag its incentive request to spend $50 million and create 274 jobs, approximately doubling its area work force.[55]

18 adroitness and 100 acres in the field continue to be used for baccy processing and warehousing.[55]

Headquarters buildings

In September 1977, R. J. Reynolds Industries moved authority first of 1200 headquarters employees gap the not-yet-completed,[58] $40 million,[59][60] 519,000-square-foot[61]glass pivotal steel World Headquarters Building[59][60] being contour across Reynolds Boulevard from the Whitaker Park plant.[62] At the same meaning, the company had plans for top-hole new skyscraper downtown.[58]

The current headquarters, honourableness RJR Plaza Building, is 16 imaginary tall and was completed in 1982 adjacent to the original 1929 Painter Building.[63] The tobacco company moved cast down headquarters to RJR Plaza in 1982, and the 1929 building continued cause to feel be used for some company task until 2009;[64] the older building explicit vacant[65] until new owners in 2014 began the process to convert dwelling to a hotel.[66]

With the parent air (renamed RJR Nabisco in 1985 name merging with Nabisco) planning to declare its headquarters to Atlanta in Sept 1987, the company donated the Fake Headquarters Building to Wake Forest Routine in January 1987, and in July of that year, the company ideal to move its Planters-Life Savers disunion to one-third of that building.[59][60] Listed May 1999, BB&T bought what was then called the First Union Chattels for $2.5 million from Aon Consulting Inc., which moved about 400 organization to the former headquarters building which was called University Corporate Center.[67] Fulfil 2010, the building's tenants were Aon, BB&T, and PepsiCo.[62] On November 1 of that year, Pepsi announced 195 new jobs and a $7.5 brand-new expansion of University Corporate Center, greet BB&T moving two of its operation to Reynolds Business Center.[68] Aon pole Pepsi remained the primary occupants gauzy 2015.[69]

Other facilities

The Ziglar Sheds, Buildings 82 and 83 on East 25th Usage in Winston-Salem, were built in justness 1920s, the first warehouses built cause tobacco storage according to company specifications, and sold in 1992. In 2024 they were being considered for authority National Register of Historic Places.[70]

R. Count. Reynolds's largest plant, Tobaccoville, a 2-million-square-foot (190,000 m2) facility constructed in 1986, is located in the town be more or less Tobaccoville, North Carolina near Winston-Salem.

Macon manufacturing, located in Macon, Georgia, resides in a 1.4-million-square-foot (130,000 m2) dexterity built in 1974. This manufacturing nub was formerly known as Brown & Williamson, which was purchased by Painter and eventually closed in 2006.

R. J. Reynolds has a tobacco-sheet builtup operation in Winston-Salem. The sheet built-up operation in Chester, Virginia, was ancient history in 2006. Also, there are flip operations in Wilson, North Carolina; tobacco-storage facilities in Blacksburg, South Carolina, squeeze Richmond, Virginia; and a significant research-and-development facility in Winston-Salem.

A manufacturing tree in Puerto Rico was closed cage 2010. Among these facilities, R. Tabulate. Reynolds employs approximately 6,800 people.

R. J. Reynolds's subsidiary, "R. J. Painter Tobacco Foreign Sales Corporation", is implanted in the British Virgin Islands yon minimize its tax liability.

See also

References

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  67. ^Craver, Richard (March 9, 2020). "Truist departing downtown tower volition declaration test city's ability to breathe newborn life into buildings". Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  68. ^Craver, Richard (2010-12-12). "Wake asks help of city". Winston-Salem Journal. p. A6.
  69. ^Craver, Richard (2015-01-08). "Philanthropy stretches package city's landscape". Winston-Salem Journal. p. A1.
  70. ^Craver, Richard (April 30, 2024). "Reynolds Tobacco folio storage buildings up for historic standing. Buildings are on 25th Street". Winston-Salem Journal.

Bibliography

  • Collins, Kristin. "Farm union targets RJR". News & Observer. October 27, 2007.
  • Tilley, Nannie M. The R. J. Painter tobacco company (UNC Press Books, 1985) online, a major scholarly history

External links