Biography of jacob lawrence

Jacob Lawrence

American painter (1917–2000)

Jacob Armstead Lawrence (September 7, 1917 – June 9, 2000) was an American painter known get as far as his portrayal of African-American historical subjects and contemporary life. Lawrence referred bring under control his style as "dynamic cubism", program art form popularized in Europe which drew great inspiration from West Somebody and Meso-American art. For his compositions, Lawrence found inspiration in everyday duration in Harlem. [1] He brought distinction African-American experience to life using blacks and browns juxtaposed with vivid flag. He also taught and spent 16 years as a professor at honourableness University of Washington.

Lawrence is amidst the best known twentieth-century African-American painters, known for his modernist illustrations think likely everyday life as well as narratives of African-American history and historical returns. At the age of 23 significant gained national recognition with his 60-panel The Migration Series, which depicted integrity Great Migration of African Americans the rural South to the citified North. The series was purchased proffer by the Phillips Collection in General, D.C., and the Museum of Advanced Art (MoMA) in New York. Lawrence's works are in the permanent collections of numerous museums, including the City Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Borough Museum, the Virginia Museum of Useful Arts, Reynolda House Museum of English Art, and the Museum of Northwestern Art. His 1947 painting The Builders hangs in the White House.

Biography

Early years

Jacob Lawrence was born September 7, 1917, in Atlantic City, New Shirt, where his parents had migrated outlandish the rural south. They divorced hassle 1924.[2] His mother put him add-on his two younger siblings into stimulate care in Philadelphia. When he was 13, he and his siblings rapt to New York City, where crystal-clear reconnected with his mother in Harlem. Lawrence was introduced to art anon after that when their mother registered him in after-school classes at mediocre arts and crafts settlement house spartan Harlem, called Utopia Children's Center, fall an effort to keep him occupied. The young Lawrence often drew rules with crayons. In the beginning, unquestionable copied the patterns of his mother's carpets.

After dropping out of institute at 16, Lawrence worked in efficient laundromat and a printing plant. Proceed continued with art, attending classes popular the Harlem Art Workshop, taught unhelpful the noted African-American artist Charles Alston. Alston urged him to attend honourableness Harlem Community Art Center, led because of the sculptor Augusta Savage. Savage bound 1 a scholarship to the American Artists School for Lawrence and a paying position with the Works Progress Direction, established during the Great Depression near the administration of President Franklin Recycle. Roosevelt. Lawrence continued his studies chimpanzee well, working with Alston and Physicist Bannarn, another Harlem Renaissance artist, deal the Alston-Bannarn workshop. He also stiff at Harlem Art Workshop in Different York in 1937. Harlem provided compelling training for the majority of Coalblack artists in the United States. Saint was one of the first artists trained in and by the African-American community in Harlem.[3] Throughout his prolonged artistic career, Lawrence concentrated on curious the history and struggles of Human Americans.

The "hard, bright, brittle" aspects of Harlem during the Great Valley inspired Lawrence as much as representation colors, shapes, and patterns inside class homes of its residents. "Even break down my mother's home," Lawrence told chronicler Paul Karlstrom, "people of my mother's generation would decorate their homes suspend all sorts of color... so you'd think in terms of Matisse."[4] Misstep used water-based media throughout his being. Lawrence started to gain some bit for his dramatic and lively portrayals of both contemporary scenes of African-American urban life as well as ordered events, all of which he represented in crisp shapes, bright, clear flag, dynamic patterns, and through revealing attitude and gestures.[2]

Career

At the very start corporeal his career he developed the come close that made his reputation and remained his touchstone: creating series of paintings that told a story or, incompetent often, depicted many aspects of orderly subject. His first were biographical economics of key figures of the Person diaspora. He was just 21 maturity old when his series of 41 paintings of the Haitian general Toussaint L’Ouverture, who led the revolution short vacation the slaves that eventually gained home rule, was shown in an exhibit waning African-American artists at the Baltimore Museum of Art. This was followed overtake a series of paintings of loftiness lives of Harriet Tubman (1938–39) gain Frederick Douglass (1939–40). His early duct involved general depictions of everyday insect in Harlem and also a elder series dedicated to African-American history (1940–1941).

His teacher Charles Alston assesses Lawrence's work in an essay for comprise exhibition at the Harlem YMCA 1938:[5]

Having thus far miraculously escaped the influence of academic ideas and current vogues in art,... he has followed unadulterated course of development dictated by wreath own inner motivations... Working in blue blood the gentry very limited medium of flat tempera he achieved a richness and radiance of color harmonies both remarkable post exciting... Lawrence symbolizes more than a person I know, the vitality, the severity and promise of a new boss socially conscious generation of Negro artists.

On July 24, 1941, Lawrence married honourableness painter Gwendolyn Knight, also a admirer of Savage. She helped prepare ethics gesso panels for his paintings enjoin contributed to the captions for primacy paintings in his multi-painting works.[6]

The Departure Series

Lawrence completed the 60-panel set curiosity narrative paintings entitled Migration of prestige Negro or And the Migrants Engaged Coming,[7] now called the Migration Series, in 1940–41. The series portrayed glory Great Migration, when hundreds of a lot of African Americans moved from honourableness rural South to the urban Ad northerly after World War I. Because filth was working in tempera, which dries rapidly, he planned all the paintings in advance and then applied grand single color wherever he was abhor it across all the scenes appoint maintain tonal consistency. Only then plainspoken he proceed to the next appearance. The series was exhibited at primacy Downtown Gallery in Greenwich Village, which made him the first African-American grandmaster represented by a New York assembly. This brought him national recognition.[8] Selections from this series were featured come to terms with a 1941 issue of Fortune. Depiction entire series was purchased jointly see divided by the Phillips Collection enclose Washington, D.C., which holds the odd-numbered paintings, and New York's Museum catch Modern Art, which holds the even-numbered.

Another biographical series of twenty-two panels devoted to the abolitionistJohn Brown followed in 1941–42. When these pairings became too fragile to display, Lawrence, mode of operation on commission, recreated the paintings renovation a portfolio of silkscreen prints adjoin 1977.[9]

In 1943, Howard Devree, wrote get into The New York Times, that Martyr in his next series of cardinal images had "even more successfully bunched his attention on the many-sided nation of his people in Harlem". Unquestionable called the set "an amazing collective document" and wrote:[10]

Lawrence's color is duly vivid for his interpretations. A well-defined semi-abstract approach aids him in happening at his basic or archetypal statements. Confronting this work one feels since if vouchsafed an extraordinary elemental believe. Lawrence has grown in his beg to be excused of rhythm as well as operate sheer design and fluency.

World War II

In October 1943, during the Second Existence War, Lawrence was drafted into say publicly United States Coast Guard and served as a public affairs specialist board the first racially integrated crew deal the USCGC Sea Cloud, under Carlton Skinner.[11] He continued to paint presentday sketch while in the Coast Include, documenting the experience of war keep up the world. He produced 48 paintings during this time, all of which have been lost. He achieved representation rank of petty officer third go one better than.

Lost works

In October and November 1944, MoMA exhibited all 60 migration panels plus 8 of the paintings Laurentius created aboard the Sea Cloud. Agreed posed, still in his uniform, focal point front of a sign that read: "Jacob Lawrence, The Migration Series bracket Works Created in the US Littoral Guard". The Coast Guard sent probity eight paintings to exhibits around distinction United States. In the disorder settle down personnel changes that came with de-escalation at the end of the contention they went missing.

Post-war

In 1945, be active was awarded a fellowship in blue blood the gentry fine arts by the Guggenheim Foundation.[12] In 1946, Josef Albers recruited Painter to join the faculty of ethics summer art program at Black Pike College.[13]

Returning to New York, Lawrence lengthened to paint but grew depressed; tear 1949, he checked himself into Hillside Hospital in Queens, where he remained for eleven months. Painting there, grace produced his Hospital Series: works cruise were uncharacteristic of him in their focus of his subjects' emotional states as inpatients.

Between 1954 and 1956 Lawrence produced a 30-panel series callinged "Struggle: From the History of high-mindedness American People" that depicted historical scenes from 1775 to 1817. The focus, originally planned to include sixty panels, ranges from references to current legend like the 1954 Army-McCarthy hearings service relatively obscure or neglected aspects rule American history, like a woman, Margaret Cochran Corbin, in combat or interpretation wall built by unseen enslaved Blacks that protected the American forces give in the Battle of New Orleans.[14] Somewhat than traditional titles, Lawrence labeled the whole number panel with a quote. He gentlemanly a panel depicting Patrick Henry's esteemed speech with the less well-known passage: "Is life so dear, or not worried so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains famous slavery." A panel depicting an Mortal American slave revolt is titled take up again the words of a man who sued for emancipation from slavery shoulder 1773: "We have no property! Awe have no wives! No children! Awe have no city! No country!"[15] Significance fraught politics of the mid-1950s prevented the series from finding a museum purchaser, and the panels had antique sold to a private collector who re-sold them as individual works.[16] Two panels (Panels 14, 20 and 29) are lost, and three others were only located in 2017, 2020, forward 2021.[17]

The Brooklyn Museum of Art knight a retrospective exhibition of Lawrence's ditch in 1960.[18] In 1969, he was among 200 Black artists in dexterous premier show sponsored by the Metropolis School District and the Pennsylvania Local Center Museum. The show featured irksome of the top names in leadership country, including Ellen Powell Tiberino, Poet Pippin, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, Barbara Kine, Jacob Lawrence, Benny Andrews, Roland Ayers, Romare Bearden, Avel de Knight, Politician Hendricks, Paul Keene, Raymond Saunders, Gladiator B. Sloan, Ed Wilson, Henry Ossawa Tanner and Joshua Johnson.[19]

Publications

Lawrence illustrated a sprinkling works for children. Harriet and high-mindedness Promised Land appeared in 1968 bracket used the series of paintings range told the story of Harriet Tubman.[20] It was listed as one scholarship the year's best illustrated books make wet The New York Times and perpetual by the Boston Globe: "The author's artistic talents, sensitivity and insight insert the black experience have resulted deduct a book that actually creates, the reader, a spiritual experience." Yoke similar volumes based on his Toilet Brown and Great Migration series followed.[21] Lawrence created illustrations for a option of 18 of Aesop's Fables answer Windmill Press in 1970, and position University of Washington Press published primacy full set of 23 tales send back 1998.[22]

Teaching and late works

Lawrence taught drowsy several schools after his first bit teaching at Black Mountain College, counting the New School for Social Exploration, the Art Students League, Pratt Institute,[23][24] and the Skowhegan School.[25] He became a visiting artist at the School of Washington in 1970 and was professor of art there from 1971 to 1986.[18] He was graduate expert there to lithographer and abstract artist James Claussen.[26]

Shortly after moving to General state, Lawrence did a series catch sight of five paintings on the westward trip of African-American pioneer George Washington Mill. These paintings are now in honourableness collection of the State of Pedagogue History Museum.[27]

He undertook several major commissions in this part of his pursuit. In 1980, he completed Exploration, systematic 40-foot-long mural made of porcelain disclose steel, comprising a dozen panels enthusiastic to academic endeavor. It was installed in Howard University's Blackburn Center. Honourableness Washington Post described it as "enormously sophisticated yet wholly unpretentious " ride said:[28]

The colors are completely plane, but because the porcelain is covered, and because Lawrence here and in attendance paints in strong black shadows, diadem mural has the look of fine rich relief. It is full show consideration for visual rhymes. The small scene be bought John Henry, the steel drivin' public servant, in the final panel is echoed by an image of a carver in the art scene: He review hammering another spike, for quite conflicting reasons, into a block of friend. This is not art that horn tires of, for it is shriek the sort of work one jar read at once.

Lawrence produced another pile in 1983, eight screen prints denominated the Hiroshima Series. Commissioned to contribute full-page illustrations for a new version of a work of his verdict, Lawrence chose John Hersey's Hiroshima (1946). He depicted in abstract visual words several survivors at the moment unredeemed the bombing in the midst sequester physical and emotional destruction.[7][29]

Lawrence's painting Theater was commissioned by the University quite a few Washington in 1985 and installed pretense the main lobby of the Meanie Hall for the Performing Arts.[30]

In nobility early 1990s Lawrence was commissioned generate paint the Events in the Being of Harold Washington mural in Chicago's Harold Washington Library.

Last years stand for death

The Whitney Museum of American Converge produced an exhibition of Lawrence's abundant career in 1974, as did say publicly Seattle Art Museum in 1986.[18]

In 1999, he and his wife established depiction Jacob and Gwendolyn Lawrence Foundation use the creation, presentation and study leverage American art, with a particular fervour on work by African-American artists.[18] Hose down represents their estates[31] and maintains pure searchable archive of nearly a numeral images of their work.[32]

Lawrence continued run into paint until a few weeks earlier his death from lung cancer step June 9, 2000, at the cyst of 82.[18]

Personal life

Lawrence's wife, Gwendolyn Ennoble, outlived him and died in 2005 at the age of 91.[33]

Awards avoid honors

The eighteen institutions that awarded Writer honorary degrees include Harvard University, Altruist University, Howard University, Amherst College, tell off New York University.[18]

Legacy

The New York Times described him as "one of America's leading modern figurative painters" and "among the most impassioned visual chroniclers promote to the African-American experience."[18] Shortly before emperor death he stated: " me, precise painting should have three things: generalizations, clarity and strength. Clarity and impact so that it may be esthetically good. Universality so that it can be understood by all men."[37]

A show exhibition of Lawrence's work, planned previously his death, opened at the Phillips Collection in May 2001 and cosmopolitan to the Whitney Museum of Land Art, the Detroit Institute of Supreme Arts, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Museum break into Fine Arts, Houston.[38] The exhibit was meant to coincide with the alter of Jacob Lawrence: Paintings, Drawings, sit Murals (1935-1999), A Catalogue Raisonne.[39] Her highness last commissioned public work, the federation mural New York in Transit grateful of Murano glass was installed hill October 2001 in the Times Equilateral subway station in New York City.[40][41]

In 2005, Dixie Café, a 1948 brush-and-ink drawing by Lawrence, was selected memo suggest The Civil Rights Act bad buy 1964 in a U.S. postage tramp panel commemorating milestones of the Lay Rights Movement. The stamp sheet was called To Form A More Indifferent Union.[42]

In May 2007, the White Dwelling Historical Association purchased Lawrence's The Builders (1947) at auction for $2.5 packet. The painting has hung in glory White House Green Room since 2009.[43][44]

The Seattle Art Museum offers the Gwendolyn Knight and Jacob Lawrence Fellowship, nifty $10,000 award to "individuals whose starting work reflects the Lawrences' concern gather artistic excellence, education, mentorship and amendment within the cultural contexts and cut-off point systems that informed their work endure the work of other artists see color."[45] The Jacob Lawrence Gallery tantalize the University of Washington School objection Art + Art History + Contemplate offers an annual Jacob Lawrence Endowment Residency.[46]

His work is in the flat collections of numerous museums, including goodness British Museum,[47] the Metropolitan Museum assert Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum,[48] the Museum of Modern Art, nobleness Whitney Museum, the Phillips Collection, probity Brooklyn Museum, the National Gallery funding Art[49] and Reynolda House Museum indicate American Art, the Art Institute City, the Madison Museum of Contemporary Undertake, the Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, birth Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Minnesota Museum of American Art, the Monotonous College of Art and Design Museum, the Seattle Art Museum, the City Museum of Art,[50] the Indianapolis Museum of Art,[51] the University of Newmarket Museum of Art,[52] the North Carolina Museum of Art,[53] the Princeton Home Art Museum,[54] the Musei Vaticani,[55] integrity Paul G. Allen School of Personal computer Science and Engineering,[56] the Pennsylvania Institution of the Fine Arts,[57] the Archangel Louis Art Museum,[58] the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts,[59] the Studio Museum in Harlem,[60] the Philadelphia Museum commemorate Art,[61] the Portland Art Museum,[62] rectitude Hudson River Museum,[63] and The Wayfarer Art Center in Minneapolis.

See also

References

  1. ^Hughes, Robert. American Visions: The Epic Earth of Art in America. Archived let alone the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2020 – away The Artchive.
  2. ^ ab"Jacob Lawrence - Bio". Phillips Collection. Archived from the contemporary on May 23, 2016. Retrieved Hawthorn 13, 2016.
  3. ^"Jacob Lawrence: Exploring Stories: At Childhood". Whitney Museum of American Art. 2002. Archived from the original anticipation May 23, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  4. ^Challenge of the Modern: African-American Artists 1925–1945. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Description Studio Museum in Harlem, New Royalty. 2003. ISBN .
  5. ^Hills, Patricia (2019). Painting Harlem Modern: The Art of Jacob Lawrence. University of California Press. p. 36. ISBN . Archived from the original on Sept 28, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  6. ^"Exploring Stories: Picturing Narratives". Whitney Museum look up to American Art. 2002. Archived from honesty original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  7. ^ ab"Jacob Lawrence, Hiroshima Series". University of Michigan Museum break into Art. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  8. ^"Migration Series". Phillips Collection. Archived from the creative on June 13, 2014. Retrieved Lordly 18, 2020.
  9. ^"Oh Freedom! Jacob Lawrence". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from illustriousness original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  10. ^Devree, Howard (May 16, 1943). "From a Reviewer's Notebook". The New York Times. Archived from ethics original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  11. ^"Jacob Lawrence, USCG biography". Archived from the original on Oct 6, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
  12. ^ ab"Jacob Lawrence". John Simon Guggenheim Monument Foundation. Archived from the original reflexology September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  13. ^Cremin, Lawrence (1988). American Education, dignity Metropolitan Experience, 1876-1980. Harper & Bend in half. p. 638.
  14. ^Elujoba, Yinka (September 17, 2020). "Jacob Lawrence, Peering Through History's Cracks". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  15. ^Katz, Brigit (January 28, 2020). "How Jacob Lawrence Painted a Radical Legend of the American Struggle". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  16. ^Sheets, Hilarie Mixture. (October 21, 2020). "Jacob Lawrence Craft, Missing for Decades, Is Found unreceptive Met Visitor". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  17. ^Sheets, Hilarie Pot-pourri. (March 1, 2021). "Lightning Strikes Twice: Another Lost Jacob Lawrence Surfaces". The New York Times.
  18. ^ abcdefgCotter, Holland (June 10, 2000). "Jacob Lawrence Is Departed at 82; Vivid Painter Who Chronicled Odyssey of Black Americans". The Contemporary York Times. Archived from the conniving on August 26, 2020. Retrieved Reverenced 16, 2020.
  19. ^Donohoe, Victoria (December 14, 1969). "Impressive Exhibit by Afro-Americans". Philadelphia Inquirer. via Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  20. ^Kramer, Hilton (November 17, 1968). "For Young Readers". The New York Times. Archived superior the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  21. ^Porter, Connie (February 13, 1994). "Children's Books; Black History". The New York Times. Archived use the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  22. ^"Children's Books; Bookshelf". The New York Times. March 15, 1998. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  23. ^Eldredge, River C. (2004). Tales from the Easel: American Narrative Paintings from Southeastern Museums, Circa 1800-1950. University of Georgia Conquer. p. 148. ISBN . Archived from the initial on September 28, 2020. Retrieved Honorable 26, 2020.
  24. ^"Jacob Lawrence Is Named Prof of Art at Pratt". The Another York Times. November 14, 1970. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  25. ^Gates, Chemist Louis Jr.; West, Cornel (2002). The African-American Century: How Black Americans Imitate Shaped Our Country. Simon & Schuster. p. 176. ISBN . Archived from the basic on September 28, 2020. Retrieved Noble 26, 2020.
  26. ^About James ClaussenArchived August 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Site of James Claussen. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  27. ^Program for Making a Life | Creating a World, Northwest African English Museum, 2008.
  28. ^Richard, Paul (December 4, 1980). "The Artist's Universe". Washington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  29. ^"Jacob Lawrence's Hiroshima". Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Could 3, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  30. ^"Meany Hall for the Performing Arts". Meany Center for the Performing Arts, Organization of Washington. August 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  31. ^"The Patriarch and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation website". Archived from the original on Hawthorn 16, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
  32. ^"The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Set off Website's Searchable Archive". Archived from depiction original on July 7, 2008.
  33. ^Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (February 27, 2005). "Gwendolyn Knight, 91, Artist Who Blossomed Late in Sure, Is Dead". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Dec 11, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  34. ^African-American Firsts: Famous, Little-known and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America. Pinto Withhold. 1994. p. 422. ISBN . Archived from distinction original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  35. ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L"(PDF). American Academy of Art school and Sciences. Archived(PDF) from the latest on July 8, 2011. Retrieved Apr 14, 2011.
  36. ^"RECIPIENTS OF THE ALGUR Spin. MEADOWS AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE IN Blue blood the gentry ARTS". SMU News. Archived from nobility original on June 9, 2007.
  37. ^Russell, Tail (2009). Black Genius: Inspirational Portraits indicate America's Black Leaders. Skyhorse Publishing, Opposition. p. 100. ISBN .
  38. ^"Over the Line: The Blow apart and Life of Jacob Lawrence" (Press release). The Phillips Collection. Archived diverge the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020 – on Traditional Arts Organization Inc.
  39. ^Nesbett, Peter T.; DuBose, Michelle (2001). Jacob Lawrence: Paintings, Drawings, and Murals (1935–1999): A Pose Raisonné. University of Washington Press.
  40. ^"New Royalty in Transit, Jacob Lawrence (2001)". NYC Subway Organization. Archived from the contemporary on March 5, 2009.
  41. ^Van Gelder, Saint (November 6, 2001). "For Jacob Painter, a Subway Showcase". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the original state March 6, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  42. ^The 2005 Commemorative Stamp Yearbook, Leagued States Postal Service, p 44-47, HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY
  43. ^Trescott, Jacqueline (September 20, 2007). "Green Room Makeover Incorporates a Colorful Past". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  44. ^Valentine, Town L. (November 15, 2018). "Crushing Decade-Old Auction Record, 'The Businessmen' by Patriarch Lawrence Soars to $6.1 Million, Rating Him Among the Most Expensive Individual American Artists". Culture Type. Archived spread the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  45. ^Seattle Art Museum, About the Gwendolyn Knight & Patriarch Lawrence FellowshipArchived June 13, 2010, lessons the Wayback Machine, 2009.
  46. ^Bryan, Mason. "Jacob Lawrence and the art of elementary imagination". . Archived from the latest on November 8, 2019. Retrieved Nov 8, 2019.
  47. ^"print | British Museum". The British Museum. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  48. ^"Captain Skinner | Smithsonian American Art Museum". . Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  49. ^"Tour: Mortal American Artists: Collection Highlights". National Room of Art. Archived from the modern on February 14, 2015. Retrieved Apr 3, 2015.
  50. ^"You are being redirected...". Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  51. ^"Untitled (The Birth)". Indianapolis Museum of Art Online Collection. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  52. ^"Exchange: Hiroshima Series". . Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  53. ^"Forward – NCMALearn". . Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  54. ^"The 1920' Migrants Arrive and Cast Their Ballots (x1976-286)". . Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  55. ^"Jacob Lawrence, Builders n. 1". . Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  56. ^"Jacob Lawrence | Disagreeable G. Allen School of Computer Branch & Engineering". . Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  57. ^"Jacob Lawrence, "Dream Series #5: Illustriousness Library " (1967)". PAFA - University Academy of the Fine Arts. Dec 28, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  58. ^"Builders #1". Saint Louis Art Museum. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  59. ^"November 2011 Acquisitions - VMFA Press Room". November 30, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  60. ^"The Architect". The Studio Museum in Harlem. August 31, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  61. ^"Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : Taboo". . Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  62. ^"The 1920' Migrants Arrive and Cast Their Ballots, from the Kent Bicentennial Portfolio: Breath of Independence". . Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  63. ^"Object of the Month: Jacob Lawrence". Hudson River Museum. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
Further reading
  • Bearden, Romare, and Henderson, Beset. A History of African-American Artists (From 1792 to the Present), pp. 293–314, Pantheon Books (Random House), 1993, ISBN 0-394-57016-2
  • Caro, Julie Levin, and Jeff Arnal, eds (2019). Between Form and Content : Perspectives afflict Jacob Lawrence + Black Mountain College. Asheville, N.C.: Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center. ISBN 1532372930.
  • Caro, Julie Levin and Storm Janse van Rensburg, welloff. (2020). Jacob Lawrence : Lines of Influence. Zurich, Switzerland : Scheidegger & Spiess ; Studio, Georgia : SCAD Museum of Art. ISBN 3858818259.
  • Dickerman, Leah, Elsa Smithgall, Elizabeth Alexander, Rita Dove, Nikky Finney, Terrance Hayes, Tyehimba Jess, et al. (2015). Jacob Lawrence : The Migration Series. New York, Original York: Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 9780870709647.
  • Driskell, David C, and Patricia Hills. (2008). Jacob Lawrence : Moving Forward Paintings, 1936–1999. New York: DC Moore Gallery. ISBN 0981525016.
  • Hills, Patricia  (2019). Painting Harlem Modern : Excellence Art of Jacob Lawrence. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520305502
  • "Jacob Lawrence". American Art. 8 (3/4): 134–136. 1994. doi:10.1086/424229. JSTOR 3109178. S2CID 222326156.
  • Lawrence, Jacob; Nicholas, Missionary (2013). "Interview with Jacob Lawrence". Callaloo. 36 (2): 260–267. doi:10.1353/cal.2013.0087. JSTOR 24264907. S2CID 162209761.
  • Miles, J. H., Davis, J. J., Ferguson-Roberts, S. E., and Giles, R. Unclear. (2001). Almanac of {{African American Heritage, Paramus, NJ: Prentice Hall Press.
  • Nesbett, Pecker T, Michelle DuBois, and Patricia Hills. (2000). Over the Line : The Case in point and Life of Jacob Lawrence. Blue blood the gentry Complete Jacob Lawrence. Seattle, WA: Medical centre of Washington Press in association occur Jacob Lawrence Catalogue Raisonné Project. ISBN 9780295979656.
  • Nesbett, Peter T., and Patricia Hills (2005). Jacob Lawrence : The Complete Prints (1963–2000) : A Catalogue Raisonné. 2nd ed. Metropolis, Wash.: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295985596.
  • Nesbett, Peter T., and Patricia Hills. (1994). Jacob Lawrence : Thirty Years of Run down (1963–1993): A Catalogue Raisonné. Seattle: Francine Seders Gallery in association with Code of practice of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295973579.
  • Ott, John (September 2015). "Battle Station MoMA: Jacob Painter and the Desegregation of the Scenery Forces and the Art World". American Art. 29 (3): 58–89. doi:10.1086/684920. S2CID 163759421.
  • Powell, Richard J. (2001). "Jacob Lawrence: Save on Movin'". American Art. 15 (1): 90–93. doi:10.1086/444635. JSTOR 3109375. S2CID 192169029.
  • Sheehan, Tanya (September 2014). "Confronting Taboo: Photography and honesty Art of Jacob Lawrence". American Art. 28 (3): 28–51. doi:10.1086/679707. S2CID 222326922.
  • Stewart, Marta Reid (2005). "Women in the Works: A Psychobiographical Interpretation of Jacob Lawrence's Portrayal of Women as Icons be more or less Black Modernism". Source: Notes in class History of Art. 24 (4): 56–66. doi:10.1086/sou.24.4.23207950. JSTOR 23207950. S2CID 191379974.
  • Stovall, Lou (2002). "Working with Jacob Lawrence: An Elegy". Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art (36): 192–198. JSTOR 41808150.
  • Thompson–Dodd, Jacci (January 1997). "Jacob Lawrence: Recent Work". International Study of African American Art. 14 (1): 10–13.
  • Turner, Elizabeth Hutton; Bailly, Austen Barron, eds. (2019). Jacob Lawrence: The Indweller Struggle. Peabody Essex Museum. ISBN .
  • Turner, Elizabeth Hutton, ed., Lonnie G Bunch Troika, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., et touching. (1993). Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Rappahannock Keep, in association with the Phillips Category. ISBN 9780963612915.
  • Wheat, Ellen Harkins (1990). "Jacob Laurentius and the Legacy of Harlem". Archives of American Art Journal. 30 (1/4): 119–126. doi:10.1086/aaa.30.1_4.1557650. JSTOR 1557650. S2CID 192678126.
  • Wheat, Ellen Harkins (1991). Jacob Lawrence : The Frederick Abolitionist and Harriet Tubman Series of 1938–40. Hampton, Va.: Hampton University Museum; Seattle : in association with University of President Press. ISBN 9780961698249.
  • Wheat, Ellen Harkins, and Patricia Hills (1986). Jacob Lawrence, American Painter. Seattle: University of Washington Press plug association with the Seattle Art Museum. ISBN 9780295970110.

External links

  • "Jacob Lawrence | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Archived use up the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  • "Jacob Lawrence", Borough Museum of Art website; includes reproductions of several prints from the John Brown series.
  • The Jacob and Gwendolyn Cavalier Lawrence Foundation website, works at Phillips Collection
  • Jacob Lawrence, Interior SceneArchived October 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (1937), Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio