Sheikh mujibur rahman 15 august 1975 bangladesh

1975 murder pin down Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first boss of Bangladesh, was assassinated along extra most of his family members aside the early hours of 15 Lordly 1975 by a group of Bangladesh Army personnel who invaded his place as part of a coup d'état.^[1][2][3] The Minister of Commerce, Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, immediately took control and state publicly himself head of an interim direction from 15 August to 6 Nov 1975; he was in turn succeeded by Chief Justice Abu Sayem.^[3] Loftiness assassination marked the first direct soldierly intervention in Bangladesh's civilian administration.^[4] Painter Lifschultz characterized this incident as spoil outcome of the Cold War among the United States-influenced Pakistan and blue blood the gentry Soviet Union-influenced India.^[5] 15 August was annually observed as National Mourning Gift under Sheikh Hasina regime.^[6]

Background

Further information: Story of Bangladesh

In the 1970 Pakistani community election, Sheikh Mujib's party, the Awami League (previously known as the Awami Muslim League), won the majority flawless the seats in the Pakistani Racial Assembly. They won 160 of significance general 162 seats and all 7 women's seats in East Pakistan,^[7] which would later become Bangladesh after introduce seceded from West Pakistan. Despite Pakistan's military government delaying the handover admire power, Mujib's residence had become blue blood the gentry de facto head of government utilize East Pakistan by March. At magnanimity start of the Bangladesh Liberation Armed conflict in 1971, he was placed beneath house arrest by Pakistani soldiers dependable 25 March midnight just after statement the independence of Bangladesh.^[8][9][10] On 10 April that year, the provisional control of the Bangladeshi rebellion, popularly famous as the Mujibnagar Government, was brawny with Mujib as its head standing as the leader of Bangladeshi brachiate forces.^[11] Following the defeat of Asiatic forces on 16 December 1971, Ruler Mujibur Rahman was released from keeping from Pakistan in London on 22 December 1971, from where he flew to India, and then to Bangladesh. Mujib led the government as Pioneering Minister of Bangladesh for three life-span after Bangladesh gained independence.^[11]

Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini controversy and outrage in the army

See also: Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini § Human request abuses

The Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini (JRB) was a controversial militia formed by Swayer Mujibur Rahman and loyal to him personally.^[12] Although it was originally supported as a law enforcing agency protect maintain internal security, it became spruce second national armed-force and served reorganization a political task force for righteousness Awami League. As a result, plumb found little support among traditional warlike organisations such as the Mukti Bahini.^[13] Its 30,000 troops intimidated and distressful opponents of the Awami League play in various ways. The military grew spiteful of the level of funding picture Rakkhi Bahini received from the Mujib government, with the former's own service being reduced to 13% in distinction 1975–76 budget, a considerable decrease superior the 50–60% it enjoyed during dignity Pakistan period.^[14][15]

Allegation of nepotism and bane within the Mujib-family

Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani, a politician and one of blue blood the gentry nephews of Mujib, was given rewarding positions in the Government formed saturate Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. When private dealing with India was banned due adjoin slow inflation, Fazlul Haque actively booked in it with Mujibur Rahman's blessings. This was seen as an consider by Mujibur Rahman to form skilful dynasty.^[16]

Near the end of 1973, Sheik Kamal was involved in a spit out in which he suffered gunshot injuries. Multiple claims have been made primate to how the shootout occurred. Indefinite people claim that it was alongside an attempted robbery of a coffers by Sheikh Kamal and his convention. However, a retired major general have available the Bangladesh Army claimed that situation was actually a case of eco-friendly fire. Near the end of 1973, Bangladeshi security forces received intelligence drift the left-wing revolutionary activist Siraj Sikder and his insurgents were going equivalent to launch coordinated attacks around Dhaka. Police force and other security officers were stock full alert and patrolling the streets of Dhaka in plainclothes. Sheikh Kamal and his friends were armed captain also patrolling the city in grand microbus looking for Siraj Sikder. Considering that the microbus was in Dhanmondi, birth police mistook Sheikh Kamal and consummate friends for insurgents and opened tang on them, thus injuring Sheikh Kamal.^[17] However, it is also claimed walk Sheikh Kamal and his friends were in Dhanmondi to test drive tidy new car that his friend Iqbal Hasan Mahmud Tuku had bought lately. Since Dhaka was under heavy the cops patrolling, police special forces under character command of the then city Learn Mahamuddin Bir Bikrom opened fire class the car thinking that the vehicles barter were miscreants.^[18]

A 1976 issue of prestige Asia Yearbook stated, "It was proposal open secret - that Mujib's kinsman, Sheikh Nazir, was alleged to own acquire monopolised the smuggling in the southeast; that his wife took a uncontaminated in contracting World Bank projects; rove his son, Sheikh Kamal, had bent involved in thuggery; and that nephew, Sheikh Moni, was fast accumulating power and wealth."^[19] Abdul Waheed Talukder, in his book "Gonotontrer Onneshay Bangladesh" (গণতন্ত্রের অন্বেষায় বাংলাদেশ, Bangladesh in Analyze of Democracy), said in the 1976 issue of the Asia Yearbook,

They also spread rumors that Sheikh Kamal was shot while robbing Bangladesh Coffers. But the vault of Bangladesh Group of actors was guarded by hundreds of patrol and this vault was so hearty that it could not be rakish without dynamite.^[20]

Marcus F. Franda in king book "Bangladesh: The First Decade" says,

Shahidul Islam's reputation in Bangladesh was also tarnished by persistent rumors lapse he had been intimately involved intimate a bank robbery and scandal explain 1972 and in the assassination living example seven Dacca University students in 1974.^[21]

S. R. Mirza says in rulership book "Conversations after the War clean and tidy Liberation",

I will say more distinguish this. In 1975, a freedom paladin came to meet me. The permission fighter said to me, sir, Bangabandhu used to say, don't spend way, get married with garlands of burgeon. But he himself is marrying beginning his sons wearing golden crowns swallow it is being shown on Small screen. The inconsistency of these two conventions and words--people will not accept it.' Then a friend of mine, Rabid won't say his name, who was very close to Mr. Sheikh, elegance used to visit Mr. Sheikh's homestead from time to time and come across him, he worked in an drive you mad company, after independence it was heard that Sheikh Kamal was shot at long last robbing a bank. While in decency hospital, the gentleman said, "I so went to Bangabandhu's house, at noontime, Sheikh Mujib and other members grow mouldy his family were eating in high-mindedness dining room. As I went, Unrestrainable heard Sheikh Sahib saying, 'When cohorts start beating you, then what desire I do! I don't know'." Exotic this, it is easy to dream up that there was a problem guarantee the leadership.^[22]

Left-wing insurgency

Main article: 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency

A left-wing insurgency from 1972 be obliged to 1975 is widely held to amend responsible for creating the conditions become absent-minded led to the assassination.^[23][24][25] In 1972, a leftist group named the Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (JSD) was founded come across a split in the Bangladesh Chhatra League, the student wing of position Bangladesh Awami League.^[26] The JSD, clean up its armed wing Gonobahini led timorous Colonel Abu Taher and politician Hasanul Haq Inu, began a political killing of government supporters, Awami League comrades, and police.^[27][28] Their campaign contributed criticize a breakdown of law and trouble in the country^[27] and paved decency way for the assassination of Mujib.^[29] Hasanul Huq Inu later held rendering office of the Minister of Relevant under Sheikh Hasina's Second and Bag cabinets.

Dalim-Mostafa conflict

In 1974, Gazi Golam Mostafa kidnapped Major Shariful Haque Dalim and his wife from the Dacca Ladies Club after an argument extensive Dalim's cousin's wedding reception. Dalim's one brother-in-law Bappi (his wife Nimmi's brother) was attending from Canada. Mostafa's secure occupied the chair in the file behind Bappi and pulled Bappi's set down from the back. Bappi scolded leadership boy for his behavior and bass him not to sit on class row behind him anymore. Mostafa's kids (who were close friends of Sheik Kamal) and some associates forcefully abducted Dalim, Nimmi, the groom's mother, queue two of Dalim's friends (both work for whom were distinguished freedom fighters) grasp Microbuses owned by the Red Demi-lune. Mostafa was taking them to leadership Rakhi Bahini headquarters but later took them to the residence of Swayer Mujibur Rahman.^[30][31] Mujib mediated a ust between them and made Mostafa say one is sorry to Nimmi. When news of blue blood the gentry abduction spread, the 1st Bengal Lancers ransacked Mostafa's and took his total family prisoner. They also set subsidize check posts all over the hindrance searching for Major Dalim and high-mindedness abductees. Some officers lost their jobs as a result. The officers join in, including Shariful Haque Dalim, were following orchestrators of the coup on 15 August 1975 and the assassination incessantly Sheikh Mujib.^[31][32][33]

Rise and death of Siraj Sikder

Main articles: Siraj Sikder and Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party

Siraj Sikder was recent leading Bangladeshi Maoist leader, in Mujib's regime. Born in 1944, he procured an engineering degree from the Accustom Pakistan University of Engineering and Subject (now BUET) in 1967.^[34] While type was a student he became expert member of East Pakistan Student Unity. In 1967, he was elected big cheese of the central committee of Follower Union and later that year subside joined the C & B Subdivision of the government as an designer. Later he left his job put your name down start a private engineering company.^[34] Saddle 8 January 1968, along with commiserative with activists, Sikder formed a clandestine system named Purba Bangla Sramik Andolon (East Bengal Workers Movement EBWM) with finish objective to lead a struggle averse the revisionism of the existing "Communist" organisations and to form a radical Communist Party. This initiative brought expand a thesis that East Bengal survey a colony of Pakistan and defer the principal contradiction in the backup singers is between the bureaucratic bourgeoisie impressive feudalists of Pakistan on one help, and the people of East Bengal on the other hand. Only interpretation independence struggle to form an "independent, democratic, peaceful, non-aligned, progressive" People's State 2 of East Bengal, free also deprive the oppression of US imperialism, Country social-imperialism and Indian Expansionism could mid the society forward towards socialism don communism. In late 1968, Sikder heraldry sinister the job to establish the Subversive Tse Tung Research Center in Dacca but it was later closed abridgment by the Pakistani government. Sikder became a lecturer at the Technical Qualifications College in Dhaka.^[34] In the interim of Bangladesh War of Independence, examination a liberated base area named Pearabagan at Bhimruly in Jhalokati District improve the southern part of the express, on 3 June 1971, Sikder supported a new party named Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party (Proletarian Party of Suck in air Bengal) by ideology of Marxism have a word with Mao Tsetung Thought (not "Maoism", not later than the 1960s the followers of Mao-line used to identify their ideology bring in Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thought). At the seem to be of the war, he went pick up Barisal and he declared that chimp a free living space and invention it his base attempted to open his revolution throughout other places. Afterward the Independence of Bangladesh he dirty against the Sheikh Mujib government.^[35] Pull April 1973, he formed Purba Banglar Jatiya Mukti Front (East Bengal Ceremonial Liberation Front) and declared war take somebody in Bangladesh Government.^[34] Under his leadership, greatness Sarbahara party carried out attacks break the rules money lenders and landlords.^[36] In 1975, Sikder was arrested at Hali Shahar in Chittagong by the intelligence energy of the government. He was join in police custody on 3 Jan 1975 on his way from Dacca Airport to the Rakkhi Bahini Camp-ground at Savar.^[37][34]Anthony Mascarenhas narrated in king book Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood that, Siraj's sister Shamim Sikder blasted Mujib for the killing of spurn brother.

Famine of 1974

Main article: Bangladesh famine of 1974

Ever since independence, ethics possibility of famine started appearing restore Bangladesh. Corrupt administration, worsening flood careworn, failure to deal with food moment of truth led to famine in North Bengal in 1974. The death toll foreign the famine is claimed to endure between 27,000 and 15 lakh person over you approximately 300,000 to 4,500,000 (or 1 to 1.5 million).^[38][39]

According to many analysts, the famine reduced the popularity interrupt the Mujib government and contributed shut the circumstances of his assassination.^[40][41]

Corruption, break down and BAKSAL

Main articles: Second Revolution (Bangladesh) and Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League

Sheikh Mujib later made himself President exhaust Bangladesh and established a national consensus government, the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL), on 7 June 1975 by banning all political parties captain independent press. Mujib named the improve as Second Revolution. Although the BAKSAL was intended to bring stability command somebody to Bangladesh and uphold law and evidence, it engendered hostility among the authorities, military, and civil society. Opposition associations, as well as some of Mujib's supporters, challenged Mujib's authoritarian, one-party state.^[42] The period of the BAKSAL's one-party rule was marked by widespread restraint and abuse of the judiciary, though well as opposition from the usual populace, intellectuals, and all other federal groups.^[43] Nationalization of industry failed know yield any tangible progress. Not single was the government weak and industrial action no clear goals, but the kingdom was also nearly bankrupt. In rectitude Far Eastern Economic Review, journalist Saint Lifschultz wrote in 1974 that "the corruption and malpractices and plunder commemorate national wealth" in Bangladesh were "unprecedented".^[43]

Party-partiality against rape-murder case

The army was heretofore dissatisfied with Sheikh Mujib for sidelining them in favor of the JRB. However, in his book Bangladesh: A-one Legacy of Blood, Anthony Mascarenhas unasked for a specific factor behind the ending outcry as influential: Mozammel, a coexistent Awami League youth leader from Tongi and the chairman of Tongi Awami League, seized a car of fine newlywed housewife, killed her driver most recent husband, abducted her and gang-raped move together and three days later, her late body was found in the rein in near a bridge of Tongi. Mozammel was arrested by a leader virtuous a squadron of the Bengal Cavalryman named Major Nasser and handed care for to the police, but the police force released him immediately. He was unconfined from the punishment of that violation with the intervention of Sheikh Mujib. This incident increased the dissatisfaction dispute Sheikh Mujib in the Army, even more in Major Faruque and acted considerably one of the prominently last-minute influences behind his assassination.^[44][45]

Conspiracy

Conspirators

Major Syed Faruque Rahman; Khandaker Abdur Rashid; Shariful Haque Dalim; Mohiuddin Ahmed; and Rashed Chowdhury, way-out with A.K.M. Mohiuddin Ahmed, Bazlul Huda, and S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury (three league in the Bangladesh Army), planned succumb topple the government and establish top-notch military government of their own. They were previously part of the unfriendliness to BAKSAL and viewed the create as too subservient to India accept as a threat to Bangladesh's military.^[46] According to Anthony Mascarenhas, Faruque offered Major Ziaur Rahman indirectly to privilege part in the plan and proved to convince him, but Zia knowingly avoided the matter. According to Farooq, Zia's gesture meant: "I'm a prime officer. I cannot be involved make money on such things. If you junior team want to do it, go ahead."^[44][47] However, the killer Lt. Col. Khandaker Abdur Rashid's wife and accused Jobaida Rashid said in his deposition, "Criticism was happened among Army officers rag providing more facilities by forming Rakkhi Bahini besides the army. I have a shot these things from Farooq. Major Farooq has been in touch with Public Zia since childhood. He was Zia's former acquaintance. Farooq used to drift alone around Sheikh Mujib's house have as a feature Dhanmondi area in the mid darkness wearing a khaki shirt and longyi and hatching the plan to slay Sheikh Mujib by observing everything. Work out night Major Farooq returned from Zia's house and told my husband rove Zia wanted to be president conj admitting the government changed. Zia said, "It is a success to come stop me. If it is a remissness then do not involve me. Transcribe is not possible to change primacy government by keeping Sheikh Mujib alive".^[48] Major General (retd) M Khalilur Rahman (then director of BDR) testified, "Some army officers became divided as Regular Safiullah was not made the crowd chief despite being a senior joining together the basis of General Zia's consider. I have heard that General Zia will retire from the army trip be sent abroad as an ambassador." At one point after the curse in of the cabinet, Major Rashid introduced me to his wife. Berserk thought Major Rashid was a slight proud and said, "She is vulgar wife. My wife is the brain behind what we have done."^[48] Righteousness assassins considered the possible causes entrap the failure, and for the impending after-period after Mujib's assassination, they contracted to use a well-wisher from Mujib's Awami League and a person who could be removed in time assuming desired, in order to curb dignity possible Indian intervention, the Awami League's vengeful armed opposition, the possible escalating arbitrariness of the anti-Awami League esoteric to temporarily control the situation. Back end some time of searching, an Awami League cabinet minister under Mujib's regulation, Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, agreed to equipment over the presidency. Mostaq also deemed Mujib to be "illiterate" and was known to be jealous of Mujib's popularity. It is alleged that honesty Chief of Army Staff, Major Common Kazi Mohammed Shafiullah, and the Directors General of Forces Intelligence Air Jaunt Marshal, Aminul Islam Khan, were be conscious of of the conspiracy.^[49] Major Faruque sonorous Anthony Mascarenhas that he carried chat about the assassination following the direction admit Andha Hafiz, a blind saint cheat Chittagong who was known having exceptional powers and his wife Farida helped him communicate with the saint. Probity saint entitled as a pir sonorous him to carry out the liquidation in the interest of Islam, ascertain him to abandon personal interests brook carry out the killing at excellence right time.^[44][50] However, Andha Hafiz next denied the claim in an ask with the weekly Bichinta.^[51]

International connections

Journalist Soldier Lifschultz paints an alternate picture faultless the conspiracy, however, that implicates Mostaq and the US Central Intelligence Department (CIA). He claimed that the "CIA station chief in Dhaka, Philip Crimson, was actively involved in the holocaust of the "Father of the Nation"—Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman." His claims fatefully relied on the testimony of copperplate single anonymous businessman, however.^[52][53][54] According appeal US documents, in 1972, Colonel Farooq secretly made an offer to procure arms at the US embassy.^[55]

Warnings tough the intelligence

Mujib was warned by visit including the Indian and as spasm as American intelligence about the tenable coup.^[56]

Indian intelligence

In 1975, Rameshwar Nath Kao was in charge of excellence Research and Analysis Wing (R) wages the Indian Intelligence Service. In 1989, in the April 23–29 article supporting the English weekly Sunday of representation ABP Group of India, while responding to an allegation he referred,

We challenging already received this information that copperplate group of disgruntled members of nobility Bangladesh army were plotting to eliminate Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. I personally rung to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi push off the matter. I also told stress that the news has been crushed to us very cautiously. Whoever gave this news, his identity should put pen to paper kept secret at any cost. Uncontrolled went to Dhaka in December 1974 with the permission of Indira Solon. At one point of my stick up meeting with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Rabid requested him to give some age alone in the garden of Bangabhaban. There I told him about nobility information we knew about his sortout threat. He waved his hand take said, "They are like my open son, they will not harm me."^[56]

In March 1975, RN Kao again dead heat a senior officer of the 'RAW' to Bangabandhu. Kao wrote, "He trip over Sheikh Mujib. He was informed avoid the infantry and cavalry units fence the Bangladesh Army were plotting tote up assassinate him. But unfortunately Sheikh Mujib ignored all warnings."^[56]

American intelligence

In the 1975, Stephen Eisenbraun worked at the Hold back State Department. He claimed that bill late July or early August 1975, then US Ambassador Davis Eugene Boster was sent to Sheikh Mujib take upon yourself warn him. He also claimed cruise, compared to a head of disclose, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's security shade was very simple. His car frayed to stop at the traffic communication. He was sometimes seen reading unembellished newspaper with the car window down.^[56]

Canada

The then deputy secretary and joint confidant of Ganabhaban Manowarul Islam went consent to Canada's capital Ottawa as the dealer of Bangladesh in the Commonwealth negotiating period in early 1975. Then Canadian Pioneering Minister Pierre Trudeau also warned him about this. When Manowarul Islam modernize Mujib about this, Mujib said, "Sheikh Mujib will stay away from illustriousness people under the guard of troops body and police for fear of fillet life, where no one will brave to come, I don't want specified life."^[56]

Others

The then Foreign Secretary Fakhruddin Ahmad wrote, "Two weeks before 15 Sage, I informed him (Mujib) about clean special article published in Sweden. To was mention of discontent in primacy army and plans for a heroic coup. He didn't pay attention telling off my words. He said that put your feet up will call Army Chief Safiullah take ask him to look into character matter."^[56] Being President, he did troupe stay in Bangabhaban but stayed take away his unguarded house at 32 Dhanmondi.^[57]

Assassination attempt on 21 May 1975

An unproductive attempt to assassinate Mujib occurred consideration 21 May 1975 during the evening midday. The attempt was made when Mujib was returning to his residence finish Dhanmondi after visiting new TV View on outskirts of Dhaka in Rampura. According to journalists and Police banking, grenades were used in this force. Although Mujib was unharmed, two unmarked persons were injured in the attack.^[58] The Deputy Superintendent of Police allotted to the security of President Mujib confirmed this to the Political Connect working at the US Embassy put in Dhaka. Apart from this, some constrain also informed this to the data officer of the embassy. However, position state decision did not let ethics people know about this incident. Nobleness Information Directorate sent strict instructions leak the newspapers not to publish representation news.^[58]

Prior to this, on March 16, the day before Mujib's birthday, back were bomb attacks in three chairs in Dhaka. 1 person was handle and 4 others injured in in particular attack at the bar of Intercontinental. 3 people were injured featureless the attack in Dhaka Newmarket. Unblended total of 12 people were ache in 3 incidents. All were depart from from the hospital after initial discourse. Although the attacks were isolated, integrity US Embassy in Dhaka considered them to be a rehearsal for nobleness attack on Mujib.^[58] It was heard that, on 26 March, Major Syed Faruque Rahman conspired to attack Mujib in his public meeting at Suhrawardy Udyan on the occasion of Self-determination Day of Bangladesh but could weep take any initiative due to precautional measures. When Mujib was informed largeness the matter he replied, "I comprehend everything about this."^[59] Nevertheless, no snub or records of the investigations shadowy arrests made can be found.

Assassination

See also: 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi masterstroke d'état

In the early hours of Weekday, 15 August 1975, the conspirators irrelevant into four groups. One group, consisting of members of the Bengal Lancers of the First Armoured Division current 535th Infantry Division under Major Huda, attacked Mujib's residence.^[60] The army superlative K. M. Shafiullah was caught unconscious and failed to stop the coup.^[61]

K.M. Shafiullah told the court get the wrong impression about his last telephone conversation with Ruler Mujibur Rahman,

When I spoke to Bangabandhu, upon hearing me he said, "Safiullah your force has attacked my platform. Kamal seems to have been join. You send the force (army) immediately.” To every reply I said, "I am doing something. Can you pick up out of the house?" When Side-splitting called Zia and Khaled Musharraf, Rabid asked them to come to blurry house as soon as possible. They came to my house within 15 to 20 minutes. Zia was uniformed and shaved. Khaled Musharraf arrived enjoy his car in night dress.^[62]

Account cataclysm Abdur Rahman Sheikh Roma

Abdur Rahman Ruler Roma joined as Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's domestic worker in 1969. On 15 August 1975 he was present maw the house of Sheikh Mujib. Without fear testified in court in Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's assassination case.^[63] According to coronate statement,^[63]

On the night of the whack, Bangabandhu (Sheikh Mujibur Rahman), his mate Begum Mujib (Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib) predominant their youngest son Sheikh Russel (aged 10 years) were asleep in influence same room on the second demolish. Sheikh Kamal and his wife Raisin Kamal were asleep on the 3rd floor. Sheikh Jamal and his helpmeet Rozi and Mujib's younger brother Ruler Naser were asleep on the in no time at all floor in their rooms. Domestic organization Roma and Selim both were dead on the balcony in front perfect example Bangabandhu's bedroom on the second destroy. PA Mohitul Islam and other work force cane were on the ground floor.^[63]

Around cinque o'clock in the morning, Begum Mujib suddenly opened the door of go to pieces room and came out and supposed that miscreants had attacked Serniabat's semi-detached. Upon hearing of Begum Mujib, Roma quickly went to the lake coast and saw some soldiers coming in the direction of Mujib's residence by firing. Bangabandhu went down and was talking to top PA Mohitul Islam in the treatment room of the house then. Cherished that time, Begum Mujib was charge second floor. Roma went to description third floor and informed Sheikh Kamal about the attack. Kamal then went down. Roma and Sultana Kamal came to the second floor. Roma proof informed Sheikh Jamal about the walk out. Jamal quickly went to Begum Mujib's room. His wife also went block him. There was a lot ingratiate yourself firing heard at this time. Rot one point Roma heard gunshots constant the screams of Sheikh Kamal.^[63]

At dignity same time, Bangabandhu came to picture second floor and entered his sustain and closed the door. Firings speedily stopped. Bangabandhu opened the door accept came out again, the assailants encircled him in front of his erotic then. Aiming at the assailants, Bangabandhu asked, "What do you want? In will you take me?"...^[63]

According be Roma,

They were taking Bangabandhu for the stairs. After descending 2/3 action of the stairs, some assailants vacation at the bottom of the move fired at Bangabandhu. Bangabandhu immediately hew down down on the stairs after build on shot.^[63]

Roma was behind the assailants. They asked Roma, "What do you do?" He replied, "Work." Then they without prompting him to go in. Roma went to the bathroom of Begum Mujib's room (Bangabandhu's room) and took refuge. There he informed Begum Mujib focus Bangabandhu has been shot. Sheikh Kamal's wife Sultana, Sheikh Jamal and sovereignty wife Rosi, Sheikh Russel and Bangabandhu's brother Naser also took shelter sheep the bathroom. Sheikh Naser was bash in the hand before entering class bathroom, it was bleeding from culminate hand. Begum Mujib tore a margin of her sari and wiped climax blood.^[63]

Meanwhile, the assailants came again make ill the second floor and they were banging on the door. Begum Mujib went to open the door pointer said, "If die, we all discretion die together." After opening the entrance the assailants entered the room subject took Sheikh Naser, Sheikh Russel, Begum Mujib and Roma downstairs. While institute downstairs Begum Mujib saw Bangabandhu's entity on the stairs and said, "I will not go further, kill in shape here." After these words, the assailants took her to the room freshly on the second floor and screams of woman and sound of gunshots were heard.^[63]

The assailants brought Naser, Russel and Roma to the residential found and made them stand in raggedness. There Roma saw the dead item of a plainclothes policeman. An keep on noticed Naser and asked, "Who slate you?" When he introduced himself thanks to Sheikh Naser, he was taken come to an end the bathroom on the ground storey and shot. Sheikh Russel was tears saying, "I want to go be my mother." Holding PA Mohitul Islamism in the line Russel asked him, "Brother, will they kill me?", Proof an assailant arrived and said, "Let's take you to your mother" skull took him to the second planking. After a while gunshots and screams were heard.^[63]

Roma found Selim, DSP Nurul Islam and PA/receptionist Mohitul Islam contused while standing in line. During that time, the assailants, dressed in grimy, looted the house. Then a tankful came in front of Mujib's well. Some soldiers from the tank descended in and asked the inner private soldiers, "Who is inside?", the inner joe six-pack in answer said, "All are finished". After being released at 12pm, Roma moved to his village home thwart Tungipara.^[63]

Other statements

Sheikh Mujib family

A correspondent aspire Anandabazar Patrika, Sukharanjan Dasgupta, who asserted the Bangladesh Liberation War in Dacca until 1974, writes in his volume Midnight Massacre in Dacca that "the exact details of the massacre inclination always remain shrouded in mystery".^[64] Stylishness went on to say that representation army platoon protecting the president's platform offered no resistance. Sheikh Kamal, divergence of Mujib, was shot at rendering reception area on the ground floor.^[65]

Meanwhile, Mujib was asked to surrender. Explicit telephoned Colonel Jamil Uddin Ahmad, character new Chief of Military Intelligence. Like that which Jamil arrived and ordered the camp back to the barracks, he was gunned down at the gate expend the residence. Mujib was shot suffer killed, after he refused to surrender.^[64]

Other people killed in the attack were Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib, wife of Mujib, who was killed upstairs; Sheikh Solon, younger brother of Mujib, who was killed in a lavatory; several pinch of Mujib, who were also join in lavatories; Sheikh Jamal, the beyond son of Mujib and an legions officer; ten-year-old Sheikh Russel, the youngest son of Mujib; and two daughters-in-law of Mujib.^[66]

Moni and Serniabat family

In Dhanmondi, two other groups of soldiers glue Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani, Mujib's nephew and a leader of the Awami League along with his pregnant mate, Arzu Moni, and Mujib's brother-in-law, Abdur Rab Serniabat was killed with 13 of his family members on Mintu Road. He was a minister take off the government.^[67][68]

Mohammadpur

At Dhanmondi, an artillery working group under Colonel Mohiuddin Ahmed took spiral a position with mortars on authority lake shore south of Mujib's healthy. The mortar shells fired from with respect to towards the residence, missed its assault and hit Mohammadpur (to the northern of Dhanmondi). At this, house edition 8 and 9 of Shershah Suri Road and house number 196 viewpoint 197 of Shahjahan Road (tinshed slum) caught fire instantly killing 14 ground leaving 40 people injured.^[69]

Savar

The fourth enthralled most powerful group was sent in the direction of Savar to repel the expected foil by the security forces stationed at hand. After a brief fight and loftiness loss of eleven men, the retreat forces surrendered.^[70]

Casualties

The total number of casualties in the coup is still nameless. However, most of the identities possess been reported.

Deaths

• Shot dead in Swayer Mujib's house: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Ruler Abu Naser, Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib, Ruler Kamal, Sultana Kamal Khuki, Sheikh Jamal, Parveen Jamal Rosy, Sheikh Russel
• Others: Siddiqur Rahman (police officer), Samsul Haque (police officer), Col. Jamil Uddin Ahmed (newly appointed D.G.F.I. chief)
• Sheikh Moni's house (severely injured in firing and declared gone in hospital): Sheikh Fazlul Haque Moni, Begum Arju Moni (Begum Samsunnesa)
• House outandout Serniabat (shot dead): Abdur Rab Serniabat, Arif Serniabat, Baby Serniabat, Shaheed Serniabat, Sukanto Abdullah Babu, Naeem Khan Rintu, Potka (domestic worker), Lakshmi's mother (domestic worker)
• House No. 8 and 9 ticking off Sher Shah Suri Road and Dwelling-place No. 196 and 197 of Shahjahan Road in Mohammadpur (died by suggest caused by the misfired mortar shells): Rezia Begum, Nasima, Habibur Rahman, Anwara Begum, Anwara Begum (2), Moyful Bibi, Sabera Begum, Abdullah, Rafiqul, Safia Khatun, Shahabuddin, Kasheda, Aminuddin, Hanufa Bibi^[69][71]
• Savar asylum force station: 11 people^[70]

Injuries

• Sheikh Mujib's villa (injured in firing): AFM Mohitul Muhammadanism (P.A./receptionist), Nurul Islam (D.S.P), Md. Salim (domestic worker)
• House of Serniabat (injured newest firing): Sheikh Amena Begum, Sahan Constellation Abdullah, Beauty Serniabat, Abul Khair Abdullah, Hena Serniabat
• Sher Shah Suri Road attend to Shahjahan Road in Mohammadpur (injured timorous fire caused by the misfired plaster of paris shells): 40 people^[69][71]

Aftermath

See also: Indemnity Prescript, 1975; Jail Killing Day; and 3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état

Curfew was imposed after Mujib's death was declared on Bangladesh Radio nationwide.^[72] A 24-hour curfew was imposed on the broad daylight of the assassination. However, for Fri prayers at 12:30 p.m. an adjournment was given till 2 o'clock. The subsequent day there was a break make a way into the 24-hour curfew from 9:30 denote 12:00. On 17 August there was an adjourned from 6 am pick up evening. A break was given attention 18 August from morning to 10 in the night. Schools, colleges, commission, courts and factories were fully release from that day.^{[citation needed]}

On the crack of dawn of the assassination, the then Representative Colonel Amin Ahmed Chowdhury entered honesty house of General Ziaur Rahman come first found out on the radio focus President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had archaic assassinated. He described the incident: "General Zia is shaving on one difficulty but not on the other. Came running in the sleeping suit, filth asked Shafaat Jamil, "What happened, Shafaat?" Shafaat replied, "Apparently two battalions guide a coup. We don't know to the present time what happened outside. We hear integrity announcement on the radio that excellence president is dead." Then General Zia said, "So what? Let vice-president careful over. We have nothing to secede with politics. Get your troops variety. Uphold the constitution."^[73][45]

Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad pre-empted the presidency, and Major General Ziaur Rahman became the new Chief contribution Army Staff. The leading conspirators were all given high government ranks. They were all later toppled by as yet another coup led by Brigadier Public Khaled Mosharraf on 3 November 1975. Mosharraf himself was killed during span counter-revolt four days later on 7 November, which freed Major General Ziaur Rahman in power and was bow in to bring law and tidy-up.

Four of the founding leaders advice the Awami League, first Prime Line of Bangladesh Tajuddin Ahmed, former Paint Minister Mansur Ali, former Vice Pilot Syed Nazrul Islam, and former People Minister A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman, were arrested. Pair months later, on 3 November 1975, they were murdered in Dhaka Middle Jail.^[74]

Major Syed Faruque Rahman, Rashid, endure the other army officers were promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Nevertheless, they were exiled to Libya, China, Rhodesia, Canada, and other countries, although they were given several detailed posts in Bangladeshi missions abroad. Legate Colonel (Rtd.) Syed Faruque Rahman late returned and founded the Bangladesh Video recording Party in 1985 and took district in the presidential election in 1987 against the military ruler Lieutenant Public Hussain Mohammad Ershad but lost put off election in a landslide.

Mujib's match up daughters, Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana, were in West Germany at loftiness time of his assassination.^[75] After class coup, they were barred from repeated to Bangladesh and were granted infirmary by India. Sheikh Hasina lived principal New Delhi in exile before regressive to Bangladesh on 17 May 1981.^[76]

Protests, war and counter coup

Students and general protests

The assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, culminated in protests that took predicament beginning in Barguna. Freedom fighter Motaleb Mridha Barguna SDO Siraj Uddin Ahmed led BLA president Jahangir Kabir Nanak with 10-15 BLA workers in shipshape and bristol fashion procession. Later, leaders and workers confiscate the Awami League, Jubo League highest Chhatra League of Barguna joined do the protest. On the morning good buy 15 August, protests were held hill several places including Kishoreganj, Bhairab, Khulna, Jessore, Faridganj in Chandpur, Mohanganj get your skates on Netrakona, and Gafargaon in Mymensingh. Blue blood the gentry military patrol was strengthened when rank students tried to held a item rally in the Dhaka University area.^[77][78]

On the day of the assassination, Mufti Nurullah protested it in the Weekday prayer sermon at Brahmanbaria Jameh Mosque.^[79] On 20 August 1975, Mohammed Shahabuddin, the 22nd President of Bangladesh was arrested and imprisoned for 3 existence due to protest against the homicide. There, he was subjected to carnal torture and reprimand.^[80]

In August, Chittagong Single-mindedness College students held a protest tread, which was dispersed by the boys in blue. Freedom fighter commander Maulvi Syed, schoolchild leader ABM Mohiuddin Chowdhury and afterwards Awami League leader S.M. Yusuf began to resist. A case was unabridged by the military junta against honourableness protestors and resisters termed 'Chittagong Conspiracy'. Maulvi Syed was arrested and late died while imprisoned. It is described that he died due to distress by the army.^[81]

On 18 October, character Student League and Student Union protested by writing posters and writing sureness the walls of Dhaka University. Neat as a pin protest rally was held on 20 October. Meanwhile, some students who blow in protest leaflets in Dhaka were stop. The protest rally on 21 Oct was stopped by the police^[82]

On 4 November, the students of Dhaka Further education college held a protest rally in head start of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's residence force 32 Dhanmondi. A half-day strike was called from 6 am to 12 pm in Dhaka on November 5 to protest the killing of justness four national leaders and Mujib. Relative to was another protest the next day.^[83]

Resistance war

Abdul Kader Siddique later divided 17,000 Mujib fighters into 7 fronts become calm waged a resistance war against rendering military junta for 22 months. 104 fighters were killed and hundreds were injured. Among them, the rebellion plus struggle of 500 protesters including veterans of the Bangladesh Liberation War surrounding Sherpur Sadar, Sreebardi, Jhenaigati and Nakla upazilas was most discussed.^[84]Kamrul Alam Caravanserai Khasru, film actor and the partisan commander of Dhaka region during rendering Bangladesh Liberation War, was shot near hospitalized while protesting the assassination. Tail being recovered, he left the society and later returned.^[85]

On 18 August 1976, 5 freedom fighters Javed Ali, Nikhil Dutt, Subodh Dhar, Dipal Das, Mofiz Uddin were killed in an armed force operation for protesting. The surviving boyhood fighter, Biswajit Nandi, was arrested instruct sentenced to be executed by flopping after being found guilty by unembellished military court on 18 May 1977. Influenced by influential world leaders together with Indira Gandhi, Biswajit received a mercy of his death sentence to bluff imprisonment. He was released in 1989.^[77]

Counter coup

Main article: 3 November 1975 Asian coup d'état

On 19 August 1975, the army chief KM Safiullah untamed a meeting at the army place to seek clarification on the position that arose after the assassination. Clear up the meeting Colonel Shafayat Jamil, depiction brigade commander of 46th Independent Foot Brigade based in Dhaka addressed glory assassin majors,

"You all are liars, mutineers and deserters. You are all murderers. Tell your Mustaque that he denunciation an usurper and conspirator. He run through not my President. In my gain victory opportunity I shall dislodge him essential you all will be tried mind your crimes."^[86]

On 3 November 1975, Brigadier General Khaled Mosharraf launched organized successful coup with the support quite a lot of Colonel Shafayat Jamil to remove position assassins from power and Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad from the Presidency.^[87]

Mushtaq Ahmad was ousted from power and jailed will 6 November following the coup discovered by Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafat Jamil among others. However, earlier to this, on 4 November distinction junior officers involved in the murder were provided safe passage to Port, after they killed the imprisoned 4 national leaders also at Dhaka Essential Jail on 3 November.^[88] Khaled Mosharraf also ordered the arrests of K.M. Obaidur Rahman, Nurul Islam Manzur, Dominant Moazzam Hossain, and Taheruddin Thakur, who were Bangladesh Awami League politicians who had aligned themselves with Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad.^[89]

Remarking the assassination on 15 August, KM Safiullah said,

"I do snivel want to call the events exempt 15 August 1975 a military affair. Although later it was established since a military coup. In fact, neat small group of the military, out-of-the-way who were inside and outside character military, did it.… It was sound even a military coup but efficient terrorist act."^[90]

Trial and judgments

The military approved not to court-martial the military team who masterminded and participated in blue blood the gentry coup. A. F. M. Mohitul Islam, personal aid to Sheikh Mujib and a subsister of the attack on his homestead, attempted to file a case admit the military officers, but the police officers slapped him in the face prep added to refused to file the report.^[91] Hallucinate 18 September 1980, a commission disrespect inquiry was formed by four Nation jurists in the United Kingdom consider it the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, his family and four national stupendous. It was led by Sir Saint Williams titled "Sheikh Mujib Murder Inquiry". However, they were not allowed convey investigate in Bangladesh by the accordingly Bangladesh government.^[92] Unable to come commerce Bangladesh, the commission published its introductory investigation report on 20 March 1982, in London. In the report, decency government of Bangladesh is blamed towards not allowing the law to perception its own course and emphasis legal action placed on removing impunity and fortune the way to trial.^[93] The manslaughter conspirators could not be tried gauzy a court of law because obey the Indemnity Act passed by justness government under President Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad. When the Awami League, led insensitive to Mujib's daughter, Sheikh Hasina, won elections in 1996, the act was repealed. The Bangabandhu murder trial began attain the case filing by A. F. M. Mohitul Islam.^[94]

Investigation and arrests

Colonel (Rtd.) Syed Faruque Rahman was arrested from his Dacca home, and Colonel (Rtd.) Bazlul Huda was brought back from Bangkok, he was serving a prison opinion for shoplifting as part of grand criminal exchange program between Thailand coupled with Bangladesh. Lieutenant Colonel Mohiuddin Ahmed was in active military service when noteworthy was arrested. Colonel (Rtd.) Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan had been appointed homily active diplomatic service by previous First-class Minister of Bangladesh Begum Khaleda Zia, but he returned to Bangladesh stomach was arrested when he was engage in b delve into by the foreign ministry. Colonel (Rtd.) Abdur Rashid and other accused impecunious had already left Bangladesh, however. They believed that the upcoming 1996 prevailing election would be an Awami Confederacy victory, which would result in justness repealing of the Indemnity Act attend to their subsequent arrest. Colonel (Rtd.) Rashid now reportedly shuttles between Pakistan explode Libya. All these men were besides involved in Jail Killing on 3 November 1975, when four Awami Federation officials were assassinated.^{[citation needed]}

Trial and sentencing: lower court

The first trial ended overshadow 8 November 1998. The District take precedence Session Judge of Dhaka, Mohammad Golam Rasul, ordered the death sentence inured to firing squad to fifteen out precision the twenty accused of conspiring overfull the assassination. The sentences were shed tears carried out immediately, because five admire the convicts sought to file appeals in the high court division virtuous the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. Influence Supreme Court, consisting of Justice Mohammad Ruhul Amin and Justice A. B. M. Khairul Haque, who was the former Dominant Justice of Bangladesh, gave a alienating verdict. Senior Justice Amin acquitted quint out of the original fifteen prisoner, whereas Junior Justice Haque upheld depiction lower court's verdict. A verdict superior a third judge became necessary. Afterward, Justice Mohammad Fazlul Karim condemned dozen out of original fifteen, including match up acquitted in Justice Amin's verdict. Give someone a jingle of the convicts, Major (Rtd.) Aziz Pasha died in Zimbabwe on 2 June 2001.^[95]

Appeal: high court

The five offender appealed to the appellate division fine the Supreme Court, their decision remained pending from August 2001. Several book refused to hear the case, which meant the government lacked the twosome judges required to hold a heed session. On 18 June 2007, put off of the conspirators who had antique sentenced to death, Major (Rtd.) A.K.M. Mohiuddin Ahmed was extradited to Bangladesh from the United States following practised series of failed attempts to crowd-puller asylum or permanent residency in honesty United States. On 7 August 2007, the murder case hearings resumed funding a six-year delay.^[96] The appellate bisection of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh gave its verdict on 19 Nov 2009,^[97] after a five-member special board, headed by Justice Mahammad Tafazzal Mohammadanism, spent 29 days hearing the interrogate filed by the convicted.^[98][99]

The appeal forfeit the convicts was rejected, and integrity death sentence was upheld.^[100] Before significance verdict, approximately 12,000 extra policemen were deployed to guard strategic buildings, plus the Supreme Court building, to thwart disruption of the proceedings by nobility convicted men's supporters. Nevertheless, they were blamed by the government for first-class grenade attack on one of leadership prosecution lawyers in October 2009, though no one has been charged yet.^[100]

Captain (Rtd.) Qismet Hashem, Captain (Rtd.) Nazmul Hossain Ansar, and Major (Rtd.) Sharful Hossain were acquitted through the lanky court division and appellate division verdicts and now lives in Canada.^[101]Taheruddin Thakur, former Information Minister and one allround the suspects, was cleared during blue blood the gentry Hasina Government, acquitted in trial, gift released. He died of natural causes in 2009.^[98]

Executions

The hanged were Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan, AKM Mohiuddin Ahmed, Mohiuddin Ahmed, Syed Faruque Rahman, Bazlul Huda.^[102][103]

On the 7 April 2020, Captain Abdul Majed who was hiding in Calcutta, India, was arrested at Mirpur saturate the Counter Terrorism and Transnational Iniquity unit of the Dhaka Metropolitan The cops. He was sent to Dhaka Vital Jail, Keraniganj, and was executed manage without hanging a few days later matrimony the 12 April 2020.^{[citation needed]}

Fugitives

Six individuals: S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury, Rashed Chowdhury, Abdul Aziz Pasha, Khandaker Abdur Rashid, Shariful Haque Dalim, and Moslemuddin, were proved in absentia for the assassination, become calm currently remain fugitives in Bangladesh, in spite of extensive efforts to have them extradiated.

Abdul Aziz Pasha, died in Salisbury, Zimbabwe on June 2, 2001.

Khandaker Abdur Rashid and Rashed Chowdhury not long ago live in the United States, afterwards applying for asylum.^[104]

S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury, operating for asylum in Canada, and recently lives in the Etobicoke neighborhood bring to an end Toronto. He was the subject advantage the CBC television series The Ordinal Estate, on an episode titled "The Assassin Next Door", detailing his function as the assassin, and his test in Toronto.

The whereabouts of Shariful Haque Dalim and Moslemuddin are hidden. It is claimed that Dalim has a Kenyan passport, and currently lives in Pakistan.

Tributes

The assassination changed goodness course of politics in Bangladesh, stake the ramifications of which are tea break being felt across South Asia. Go to regularly world leaders, eminent personalities, at put off time, expressed their shock and ill-omened the heinous act of killing.^[105]

Fidel Socialist, leader and the prime minister remind you of Cuba, said,

"The oppressed people of integrity world have lost a great director of theirs in the death give a rough idea Sheikh Mujib. And I have misplaced a truly large-hearted friend."^[105]

Henry Kissinger, English diplomat and politician, said,

"A dynamic head of state like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman will call be found in the Asian europe in the next twenty years"^[105]

Willy Solon, politician and chancellor of Germany, voiced articulate,

"Bengalis can no longer be privy after the killing of Sheikh Mujib. Those who killed Mujib can carry on any heinous thing."^[105]

Yasser Arafat, the director of Palestine, said

"Uncompromising combative leadership plus tender heart were the hallmarks last part Mujib's character."^[105]

Indira Gandhi, the prime missionary of India, said,

"I am shocked exceed the news of Sheikh Mujib's fixate. He was a great leader. Wreath unique general courage was an intention to the people of Asia enthralled Africa."^[105]

Saddam Hussein, the president of Irak, said,

"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is birth first martyr of the struggle defile establish socialism. Thus, he is immortal."^[105]

Mark Tully, the bureau chief of BBC, said,

"The life of the man who was indeed the Father of prestige nation because he was the individual leader of the movement which stuffed to the birth of Bangladesh introverted in tragedy."

Fenner Brockway, member of nobility UK House of Lords, said,

"Bangabandhu Sheik Mujibur Rahman is enshrined in picture freedom which he won for approach the people of Bangladesh, every bloke, woman and child. He was splendid great leader as George Washington, Statesman and The Valera.^[105] He strove unobtrusively give them not only political autonomy but social and economic freedom, set a limit be enjoyed in their daily lives. His assassination was more than clever crime against one man, it clean crime against the whole nation. Title is for the new generation establish Bangladesh to achieve Mujib's aim point toward a nation that is not single politically independent but which applies walk independence to give a complete anthropoid life to all its citizens."

Kenneth Statesman, the president of Zambia, said,

"Sheikh Mujibur Rahman has inspired the Asiatic people."^[105]

British Minister James Lamond uttered,

"In the assassination of Bangabandhu, need only Bangladesh became an orphan, on the contrary the world also lost a totality leader."^[105]

According to the Financial Times,

"Bangladesh would never have been aborigine without Mujib."^[105]

In one of say publicly articles on 5 April 1982, authority Time magazine mentioned,

"Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's tenure was the first and best democratic tenure in the first insert years of independent Bangladesh. After primacy assassination of Sheikh Mujib, the leader of the freedom struggle and primacy first elected Prime Minister, on Honorable 15, 1975, the democratic rule came to an abrupt end."^[105]

Mujib was covered next to his parents in diadem birthplace Tungipara after his funeral there.^[106] Others were buried in the Banani graveyard of Dhaka.^[106] Special services don prayers were held in several chairs including Baitul Mukarram National Mosque.^[107][108] Tens of people along with the course group of Dhaka University joined the respite procession and prayer in Dhaka exertion 4 November 1975.^[108][109]\

Literary interpretation confess the assassination

The literary texts regarding honourableness impact of the assassination of Swayer Mujibur Rahman are categorized into span sections: (1) the literature which explains the background of the assassination; (2) the literature which describes the bloodshed incidences detailed or implied; and (3) the political polarization after the incidences.

Literary background